Objectives: The promotion of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) to reduce the postnatal transmission
(PNT) of HIV is based on limited data. In the context of a trial of postpartum vitamin A …

Background Child stunting reduces survival and impairs neurodevelopment. We tested the
independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), and …

Child stunting and anemia are intractable public health problems in developing countries
and have profound short- and long-term consequences. The Sanitation Hygiene Infant …

Background Children exposed to HIV have a high prevalence of stunting and anaemia. We
aimed to test the effect of improved infant and young child feeding (IYCF) and improved water…

Background Preterm birth and low birth weight (LBW) affect one in ten and one in seven
livebirths, respectively, primarily in low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) and are …

Stunting (low height for age) affects approximately one-quarter of children aged< 5 years
worldwide. Given the limited impact of current interventions for stunting, new multisectoral …

Stunting affects one-in-five children globally and is associated with greater infectious morbidity,
mortality and neurodevelopmental deficits. Recent evidence suggests that the early-life …

Background Children who are stunted (length-for-age Z-score<-2) are at greater risk of
infectious morbidity and mortality. Previous studies suggest that stunted children have elevated …

Introduction Exposure to maternal HIV may affect early child development (ECD), although
previous studies have reported heterogeneous findings. We evaluated ECD among children …

Background Globally, nearly 250 million children (43% of all children under 5 years of age)
are at risk of compromised neurodevelopment due to poverty, stunting, and lack of stimulation…