The effects of house spraying with DDT or lambda-cyhalothrin against Anopheles arabiensis on measures of malarial morbidity in children in Tanzania

doi:10.1016/0001-706X(93)90060-O

Acta Tropica

Volume 54, Issue 2, August 1993, Pages 141-151

https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-706X(93)90060-O Get rights and content

Abstract

The effects of house spraying of DDT and lambda-cyhalothrin against populations of Anopheles arabiensis were assessed in children aged between 1 and 10 years with regard to fever episodes and parasite prevalences. DDT and lambda-cyhalothrin treatment did not reduce the prevalence of malaria episodes as defined by fever (temperatures ≥37.4°C and/or fever reported) combined with high parasitaemia (≥ 100 parasites/200 leucocytes). However, the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia, of the episodes of fever with any level of malaria parasitaemia and of high parasitaemia alone were significantly reduced. Furthermore, the reduction in mean parasite densities was greater in children of the 1–2 years age group for both insecticides and also for children of 3–5 years age group with lambda-cyhalothrin. Measured and/or reported fever and high parasitaemia were correlated and the data indicated that most of the fevers in these children could be attributed to malaria. Using this criterion it is concluded that the population of An. arabiensis responded to both DDT and lambda-cyhalothrin house spraying which in turn also reduced malaria-related morbidity.

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Citation Excerpt :
However, the strengths of the study were that it covered all the three seasons of the year during post-spraying and prior to implementation of the intervention the two arms were comparable in terms of vector density and malaria incidence. DDT has been known as the only insecticide that can be used for single application in areas where transmission period is about 6 months, as experienced by the control programme for decades (Sharma et al., 1986; Mnzava et al., 1993; Pluess et al., 2010; Zhou et al., 2010). In the current study, the relative reduction/ changes in resting density, trap density, parous rate, human blood index and infection rate of An.
While, dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) water dispersible powder (WDP) 75% is considered as the high performance long lasting formulation for indoor residual spraying (IRS), no information is available regarding the comparative epidemiological effectiveness of the two DDT formulations when used for IRS in Indian conditions. The current study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of IRS using DDT WDP 75% @ one g active ingredient (AI)/m² with that using DDT WDP 50% @ one g AI/m² in controlling Anopheles fluviatilis and An. culicifacies, the primary vectors of malaria in the selected endemic areas of Odisha State. Although, cone-bioassay mortality after 8 months of post spraying on DDT 75% sprayed surfaces as well as on sprayed but mud plastered surfaces was higher than DDT 50%, the six entomological parameters viz. resting density indoors and outdoors, trap density indoors, parous rate, human blood index and infection rate of An. fluviatilis and An. culicifacies did not show any statistically significant difference in reduction/ changes from pre- to post-spray period between the two DDT formulations.
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Field studies of malaria in endemic areas frequently use the presence or levels of parasitaemia, together with the measurement of fever, as the primary criteria with which to identify cases. However, since malaria cases do not always present with measurable fever, and since asymptomatic parasitaemia occurs, additional episode markers might be useful epidemiological tools. We have measured the C-reactive protein and haptoglobin levels in paediatric patients presenting to a village health post in the Kilombero District in Tanzania and in convalescent sera from the same patients, in order to evaluate these acute-phase reactants as alternative markers of Plasmodium falciparum episodes. Among afebrile patients, C-reactive protein levels were highly correlated with parasite density. High C-reactive protein levels are therefore probably indicative of recent clinical malaria episodes in currently afebrile individuals with high parasite densities. An appropriate case definition for malaria in epidemiological studies in endemic areas might therefore be hyperparasitaemia accompanied by either, or both, measurable fever and raised C-reactive protein levels. This would give less biased estimates of the overall burden of malaria morbidity than does a definition which requires measurable fever. Levels of haptoglobin were highly negatively correlated with parasitaemia, but did not appear to be useful episode markers because this correlation was probably not related to acute morbidity. However, haptoglobin can be useful to assess at community level the impact of interventions on parasitaemia.
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¹: Recently deceased. This paper is dedicated to him.

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Original research paperThe effects of house spraying with DDT or lambda-cyhalothrin against Anopheles arabiensis on measures of malarial morbidity in children in Tanzania

Abstract

Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.

Parasitol. Today

Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.

A new insecticide (Icon, Lambda-cyhalothrin, OMS 3021) for malaria control in Brazil

La Lutte Contre le Paludisme pardes moustiquiares impregnees de pyrethrinodes au Burkina Faso

Pathol. Exot.

Heterogeneities of the malaria vectorial system in tropical Africa and their significance in malaria epidemiology and control

Bull. WHO

Original research paper
The effects of house spraying with DDT or lambda-cyhalothrin against Anopheles arabiensis on measures of malarial morbidity in children in Tanzania