Abstract
Although the role of Animal Source Foods (ASFs) in household nutrition is well established, dairy development as a mechanism for reducing poverty and malnutrition is inadequately understood. This study investigated the differences across income strata in contributions of dairy innovations and dairy production to dairy income and nutrition outcomes. Analysis was based on the Tanzania Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) household panel data of 2008/2009 and 2010/2011. The role of dairy innovations in household income and the importance of dairy income in expenditure on food were estimated using Two-Stage Least-Squares (2SLS). Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) to analyze the effect of dairy consumption on nutrition outcomes of children below 5 years of age. Although dairy innovations had a positive effect on dairy income, the effect was small among low income households due to their lack of comparative advantage in accessing and using inputs, output markets and services. Also, their reliance on low productivity dairy animals affected their potential dairy income. Consumption of dairy products in low-income households was associated with reduced stunting, underweight and wasting. Wasting in high-income households was only significant among girls. Whereas adoption of dairy innovations and consumption of dairy products have great potential for improving the income and nutrition of low-income households, pro-poor dairy interventions should also be integrated with increasing access to markets and services. Interventions should also incorporate strong gender aware approaches to ensure that the benefits are shared equitably within households.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abuya, A. B., Ciera, J., & Kimani-Murage, E. (2012). Effects of Mother’s education on child’s nutritional status in the slums of Nairobi. BMC Pediatrics, 12, 80.
Ahmed, M., Ehui, S., & Saleem, M. (2002). Adoption of crossbred cow technologies and increased food security among smallholder dairy farmers in the East African highlands. Journal of Crop Production, 6(1–2), 319–337.
Aiga, H., Matsuoka, S., Kuroiwa, C., & Yamamoto, S. (2009). Malnutrition among children in rural Malawian fish-farming households. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103(8), 827–33.
Aldermana, H., Hoogeveena, H., & Ross, M. (2006). Reducing child malnutrition in Tanzania Combined effects of income growth and program interventions. Economics and Human Biology, 4, 1–23.
Anteneh, A. (1989). Livestock and food production in Africa: challenge and opportunity for the national livestock and veterinary services. Review Science Technology Official International Epiz, 8(3), 591–606.
Ayele, Z. & Peacock, C. (2003). Improving Access to and Consumption of Animal Source Foods in Rural Households: The Experiences of a Women-Focused Goat Development Program in the Highlands of Ethiopia. The journal of nutrition, 0022-3166/03.
Chilima, D. M., & Matiya, G. G. (2005). Nutritional status of under five children from dairy and non-dairy households in Mwera Hills, Ntchisi district. Bunda Journal of Agriculture Environmental Science and Technology, 3, 55–61.
Colin, T., Xavier, I., Lin L., Victoria M-H & Steve, W. (2001). Relationship between changes in agricultural productivity and the Incidence of poverty in developing countries, DFID Report No.7946 27/02/2001. http://dev.odiorg.chaptermediadevelopment.com /sites/ odi.org.uk /files/importassets/events/docs/4086.pdf. Accessed 22 November, 2013.
Colleen, W. Taylor, J., Van Leeuwen, J Yeudall, F. & Mbugua, S. (2012). Associations of diet quality with dairy group membership, membership duration and non-membership for Kenyan farm women and children: a comparative study. Public Health Nutrition, 1-10 doi: 10.1017/S1368980012005010.
Crepinsek, M.K. & Burstein, N.R. (2004). Maternal employment and children’s nutrition. Electronic Publications from the Food Assistance & Nutrition Research Program, E-FAN-04-006-1.
Ehui, S., Li-Pun, H., Mares, V., & Shapiro, B. (1998). The role of livestock in food security and environmental protection. Outlook on Agriculture, 27(2), 81–87.
Ellis, F., & Freeman, H. A. (2004). Rural livelihoods and poverty reduction strategies in four African Countries. The Journal of Development Studies, 40(4), 1–30. doi:10.1080/00220380410001673175.
Fischer, E., & Qaim, Q. (2012). Linking smallholders to markets: determinants and impacts of farmer collective action in Kenya. World Development, 40(6), 1255–1268.
Grosh, M., & Glewwe, E. (1995). A guide to living standards measurement study surveys and their data sets. Washington DC: World Bank.
Heffernan, C. (2004). Livestock and the Poor: Issues in poverty-focused livestock development. Chapter 15, in: Responding to the Livestock Revolution: the role of globalisation and implications for poverty alleviation. Eds. E. Owen, T. Smith, M.A. Steele, S. Anderson, A.J. Duncan, M. Herrero, J.D. Leaver, C.K. Reynolds, J.I. Richards, J.C. Ku-Vera. British Society of Animal Science, publication 33.
Hoop, L. T. (2013). Programs to Improve Production and Consumption of Animal Source Foods and Malnutrition in Vietnam. The journal of nutrition, 0022-3166/03.
Hoorweg, J., Leegwater, P. H., & Veerman, W. (2000). Nutrition in agricultural development: intensive dairy farming by rural smallholders. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 39, 395–416.
IAASTD. (2009). International assessment of agricultural knowledge, science, and technology for development global report. Washington: Island Press.
Kabunga, N. S., Dubois, T., & Qaim, M. (2014). Impact of tissue culture banana technology on farm household income and food security in Kenya. Food Policy, 45(2014), 25–34.
KDHS. (2003). Kenya demographic health survey (pp. 153–168). Claverton: Calverton National Council of Populations and Development.
Keusch, G. T., & Farthing, M. J. (1986). Nutrition and infection. Annual Review Nutrition, 6, 131–154.
Kuriwijila, L.R. (2002). An overview of dairy development in Tanzania. In: Rangneker D. and Thorpe W. (eds), Smallholder dairy production and marketing Opportunities and constraints. Proceedings of a South–South workshop held at NDDB, Anand, India, 13–16 March 2001. NDDB (National Dairy Development Board), Anand, India and ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya.
Leroy, J. L., & Frongillo, E. A. (2007). Can interventions to promote animal production ameliorate under nutrition? The Journal of Nutrition, 137(10), 2311–2316.
Low, J.W. (1991). Rural Household Data Collection in Developing Countries: Designing Instruments and Methods for Collecting Health and Nutrition Data. Department of Agricultural Economics and Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program, Cornell University. Working Papers in Agricultural Economics, 91-15.
Makoka, D. (2013). The Impact of Maternal Education on Child Nutrition: Evidence from Malawi, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe, DHS Working Paper No. 84.
Mariara, J. K., Ndenge, G. K., & Mwabu, D. K. (2008). Determinants of children’s nutritional status in Kenya: evidence from demographic and health surveys. Journal of African Economies, 18(3), 363–387.
Masset, E., Haddad, L., Cornelius, A. & Isaza-Castro, J. (2011). A systematic review of agricultural interventions that aim to improve nutritional status of children. London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London. ISBN: 978-1-907345-09-8.
Murshed-e-Jahan, K., Ahmed, M., & Belton, B. (2010). The impacts of aquaculture development on food security: lessons from Bangladesh. Aquaculture Research, 41(4), 481–495.
NBS, 2007. Household Budget Survey (HBS) Report (2007). (www.nbs.go.tz).
Ndiku, M., Jaceldo-Sieg, K., Singh, P., & Sabate, J. (2011). Gender inequality in food intake and nutritional status of children under 5 years old in rural Eastern Kenya. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65, 26–31.
Neumann, C. G., Bwibo, N. A., Suzanne, P. M., Marian, S., Shannon, W., Lindsay, H., Allen, D. G., Robert, E. W., & Montague, W. D. (2003). Animal source foods improve dietary quality, micronutrient status, growth and cognitive function in Kenyan school children: background, study design and baseline findings. The Journal of Nutrition, 133, 3941S–3949S.
Nicholson, C.F. & Thornton, P.K. (1999). The Impacts of Dairy Cattle Ownership on the Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in Coastal Kenya, Paper Presented at the 1999 Annual Meetings of The American Agricultural Economics Association Nashville, TN August 8 – 11, 1999.
Nicholson, C. F., Thornton, P. K., Mohammed, L., Muinga, R. W., Mwamachi, D. M., Elbasha, E. H., Staal, S., & Thorpe, W. (1999). Smallholder dairy technology in Coastal Kenya. An adoption and impact study (p. 68). Nairobi: ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute).
Nielsen, H., Roos, N., & Thilsted, S. H. (2003). The impact of semi-scavenging poultry production on the consumption of animal source foods by women and girls in Bangladesh. The Journal of Nutrition, 133(11 Suppl 2), 4027S–4030S.
Omamo, S.W., Diao, X., Wood, W., Chamberlin, J., You, L., Benin, S., Wood‐Sichra, U. & Tatwangire, A. (2006). Strategic priorities for agricultural development in Eastern and Central Africa, IFPRI Research Report #150, Washington, D.C.
Pica-Ciamarram, U., Tasciotti, L. Otte, J. & Zezza, A. (2011). Livestock Assets, Livestock Income and Rural Households, Cross-Country Evidence from Household surveys. Joint paper of the World Bank, FAO, AU. http://www.africalivestockdata.org/sites/ africalivestockdata.org /files/PAP_Livestock_HHSurveys.pdf. Accessed 02 December 2013.
Randela, R., Alemu, Z.G., and Groenewald, J.A. (2008). Factors enhancing market participation by small-scale cotton farmers. Agrekon Vol. 47(4) December 2008.
Sadler, K., E., Mitchard, A., Abdi, Y., Shiferaw, G.B. & Catley A. (2012). Milk matters: The impact of dry season livestock support on milk supply and child nutrition in Somali Region, Ethiopia. Feinstein International Center, Tufts University, and Save the Children Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Sekhampu, T.J. (2012). Socio-Economic Determinants of Household Food Expenditure in a Low Income Township in South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 (3) September 2012.
Shils, M.E., Olson, J.M. & Sheke, M. (1994). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 8th ed. Vol. 1, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, London.
Smith, J., Sones, K., Grace, D., MacMillan, S., Tarawali, S., & Herrero, M. (2013). Beyond milk, meat, and eggs: role of livestock in food and nutrition security. Animal Frontiers, 3, 6–13.
Takele, S. (2013). Semi-parametric analysis of children nutritional status in Ethiopia. International Journal of Statistics and Application, 3(5), 141–154.
Von Braun, J., de Haen, H., & Blanken, J. (1991). Commercialization of agriculture under population pressure: effects on production, consumption and nutrition in Rwanda. Washington: IFPRI Research Report No. 85.
Wamani, H., Astrom, A. M., Peterson, S., Tumwine, J. K., & Tyllesk, T. (2007). Boys are more stunted than girls in Sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analysis of 16 demographic and health surveys. BMC Pediatrics, 7, 17.
WHO (1983). Measuring change in nutritional status. Guidelines for assessing the nutritional impact of supplementary feeding programmes for vulnerable groups. Geneva: WHO.
WHO (2009). Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: WHO.
Young, V. R., & Pellett, P. L. (1994). Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59, 1203S–1212S.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the Development Research Group of the World Bank for making data used for this study publicly available and accessible. Any errors and omissions are the responsibility of the authors.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendices
Appendix I
ᅟ
Appendix II
ᅟ
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kidoido, M., Korir, L. Do low-income households in Tanzania derive income and nutrition benefits from dairy innovation and dairy production?. Food Sec. 7, 681–692 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-015-0419-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-015-0419-z