Abstract
This paper discusses the poverty-wealth impact on contraceptive use both at individual and community levels. A multilevel probit regression framework was set up to explain the use of contraceptive methods. We use data from the Indian 2005–06 National Family Health Survey (NFHS). It contains data on both the socio-demographic and health characteristics of Indian women, as well as an assembled measure of household wealth: the wealth index. The individual-level model confirms the association between contraceptive use and wealth. When controlling the community level, i.e. where the women live, the multilevel regression results show it has a significant effect on contraceptive use, explaining 19 % of the total variance. Finally, decomposing the wealth index at individual and community levels (average community wealth; individual centered wealth values), the effect of the community poverty-wealth level is significant and positive. To sum up, this framework of nested models reveals the significant effect of the community’s poverty-wealth dimension on each woman’s decision about contraception and suggests that the longstanding urban-rural differential in the contraceptive prevalence is mainly poverty-wealth driven.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmed, S., Creanga, A., Gillespie, D., Tsui, A.: Economic status, education and empowerment: implications for maternal health service utilization in developing countries. PLoS ONE 5(6), e11190 (2010)
Chacko, E.: Women’s use of contraception in rural India: a village-level study. Health Place 7, 197–208 (2001)
Char, A., Saavala, M., Kulmalac, T.: Influence of mothers-in-law on young couples’ family planning decisions in rural India. Reprod. Health Matters 18(35), 154–162 (2001)
Cleland, J.: Contraception in historical and global perspective. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 3(2), 165–176 (2009)
Filmer, D., Pritchett, L.: Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data or tears: an application to educational enrollments in States of India. Demography 38(1), 115–132 (2001)
Gakidou, E., Vayena, E.: Use of modern contraception by the poor is falling behind. PLoS Med. 4(2), e31 (2007)
Gaudin, S.: Son preference in Indian families: absolute versus relative wealth effects. Demography 48(1), 343–370 (2011)
Hellevik, O.: Linear versus logistic regression when the dependent variable is a dichotomy. Qual. Quant. 43(1), 59–74 (2009)
Hox, J.: Multilevel analysis: techniques and applications, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah (2002)
Imai, K., Sato, T.: Fertility, parental education and development in India: new evidence from National Household Survey Data. Kobe University Discussion Paper DP2010–17 (2010)
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International: National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005–2006: India, vol. II. IIPS, Mumbai (2007)
Jain, A., Tsui, A.: A quiet revolution in condom use in urban India. PAA 2011 (http://paa2011.princeton.edu (2011). Accessed on 20 July 2012)
Jayaraman, A., Mishra, V., Arnold, F.: The relationship of family size and composition to fertility desires, contraceptive adoption and method choice in South Asia. Int. Perspect. Sex. Reprod. Health 35(1), 29–38 (2009)
Jejeebhoy, S.: Women’s autonomy and reproductive behavior: experience from developing countries. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1995)
Matthews, Z., Padmadas, S., Hutter, I., McEachran, J., Brown, J.: Does early childbearing and a sterilization-focused family planning program in India fuel population growth? Dem. Res. 20(28), 693–720 (2009)
McNay, K., Arokiasamy, P., Cassen, R.: Why are uneducated women in India using contraception? A multilevel analysis. Popul. Stud. 57(1), 21–40 (2003)
Moursund, A., Kradvdal, Ø.: Individual and community effects of women’s education and autonomy on contraceptive use in India. Popul. Stud. 57(3), 285–301 (2003)
Narzary, P.: Knowledge and use of contraception among currently married adolescent women in India. Stud. Home. Community. Sci. 3(1), 43–49 (2009)
O’Brien, R.: The age-period-cohort comundrum as two fundamental problems. Qual. Quant. 45, 1429–1444 (2011)
Padmadas, S., Hutter, I., Willekens, F.: Compression of women’s reproductive spans in Andhra Pradesh. India. Int. Fam. Plann. Perspect. 30(1), 12–19 (2004)
Peters, D.H., Garg, A., Bloom, G., Walker, D., Brieger, W., Rahaman, H.: Poverty and access to health care in developing countries. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 1136, 161–171 (2008)
Prata, N., Vahidnia, F., Potts, M., Dries-Daffner, I.: Revisiting community-based distribution programs: are they still needed? Contraception 72, 402–407 (2005)
Rajan, S., Véron, J.: La politique de population de l’Inde face à l’inertie des evolutions démographiques. In: Caselli, G., Vallin, J., Wunsch, G. (eds.) Démographie: Analyse et Synthèse, vol. VII. INED, Paris (2006)
Sabharwal R (2010) Factors associated with contraception in India. PAA 2010 (http://paa2010.princeton.edu, Accessed 20 July 2012)
Saraswati, L., Mukherjee, P.: Womens autonomy and utilization of family planning services in three Eastern States of India. In: Pal, M., Pathak, P., Bharati, P., Ghosh, B., Majumder, A. (eds.) Gender Issues and Empowerment of Women, pp. 61–81. Nova Science Publishers, New York (2012)
Shekhar, C., Mondal, N.: Is recent fertility decline in India poverty induced? PAA 2011 (http://paa2011.princeton.edu (2011) Accessed 20 July 2012)
Stephenson, R., Tsui, A.: Contextual influences on reproductive health service use in Uttar Pradesh. India. Stud. Fam. Plann. 33(4), 309–320 (2002)
Stephenson, R., Tsui, A.: Contextual influences on reproductive wellness in northern India. Am. J. Public. Health 93(11), 1820–1829 (2003)
United Nations World population prospects: the 2010 revision, highlights and advance tables. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Documentation/publications.htm (2011) [Accessed on July 12th 2012.]
Urban Health Initiative (2010) Expanding contraceptive use in urban Uttar Pradesh. Family planning: Effect of data driven strategies. Wealth Status and Family Planning Policy Brief, March (http://wwwuhi-indiaorg Accessed on 20 July 2012).
van den Eeden, P.: Multilevel theory and the underspecification of multilevel models. Qual. Quant. 26(3), 307–322 (1992)
Véron, J.: The demography of South Asia from the 1950s to the: a summary of changes and a statistical assessment. Population 63(1), 9–89 (2000s)
Visaria, L., Jejeebhoy, S., Merrick, T.: From family planning to reproductive health: challenges facing India. Int. Fam. Plann. Perspect. 25(Supplement), 44–49 (1999)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This research was supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), Grant PTDC/CS-DEM/108033/2008.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Oliveira, I.T., Dias, J.G. Disentangling the relation between wealth and contraceptive use in India: a multilevel probit regression approach. Qual Quant 48, 1001–1012 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-012-9820-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-012-9820-2