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Rethinking Human–Nonhuman Primate Contact and Pathogenic Disease Spillover

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Abstract

Zoonotic transmissions are a major global health risk, and human–animal contact is frequently raised as an important driver of transmission. A literature examining zooanthroponosis largely agrees that more human–animal contact leads to more risk. Yet the basis of this proposition, the term contact, has not been rigorously analyzed. To understand how contact is used to explain cross-species spillovers, we conducted a multi-disciplinary review of studies addressing human–nonhuman primate (NHP) engagements and pathogenic transmissions and employing the term contact. We find that although contact is frequently invoked, it is employed inconsistently and imprecisely across these studies, overlooking the range of pathogens and their transmission routes and directions. We also examine a related but more expansive approach focusing on human and NHP habitats and their spatial overlap, which can potentially facilitate pathogenic transmission. Contact and spatial overlap investigations cannot, however, explain the processes that bring together people, animals and pathogens. We therefore examine another approach that enhances our understanding of zoonotic spillovers: anthropological studies identifying such historical, social, environmental processes. Comparable to a One Health approach, our ongoing research in Cameroon draws contact, spatial overlap and anthropological–historical approaches into dialog to suggest where, when and how pathogenic transmissions between people and NHPs may occur. In conclusion, we call for zoonotic disease researchers to specify more precisely the human–animal contacts they investigate and to attend to how broader ecologies, societies and histories shape pathogen–human–animal interactions.

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France) (Grant no. ANR-14-CE31-0004-01), with additional contributions from the “Humans and the Microbiome” project of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research and the Fyssen Foundation. We thank Antoine Gessain and Yusuke Shimakawa for stimulating exchanges about contact, as well as people in southeastern Cameroon for their generous contributions to the study described here. We are also grateful to EcoHealth’s anonymous reviewers for their helpful evaluations.

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Correspondence to Tamara Giles-Vernick.

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Narat, V., Alcayna-Stevens, L., Rupp, S. et al. Rethinking Human–Nonhuman Primate Contact and Pathogenic Disease Spillover. EcoHealth 14, 840–850 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-017-1283-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-017-1283-4

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