| WHO Building Blocks (World Health Organization20) |
| 1. Access to essential health technologies | Expanding health coverage | Kruk37 |
| The range of health care options: the development, provision, and evaluation of health technologies and access to technologies | Travis et al.,5 Fonn38 |
| Community health services: community health centers, community health worker, community health planning, community participation, community engagement | Freeman et al.39 |
| Quality assurance, quality management, quality indicators, quality improvement | Kinney et al.40 |
| 2. Availability of providers of health services | Manpower and personnel operations: the training, deployment, and management of service providers | Cometto, Campbell, & Sheikh41 |
| 3. Information resources for health service decision making | Health information management systems: the design, implementation, and use of information for decision making at critical levels of the system | Boerma et al.42 |
| Communication and knowledge management: interdisciplinary communication, dissemination, research utilization, organizational communication | Shakarishvili et al.43 |
| 4. Capabilities to provide equipment, facilities, and supplies for operations | Logistics systems: the implementation, evaluation, or reform of logistics, equipment procurement, facilities development, and commodity supply systems | Bornbusch & Bates44 |
| 5. Planning, budgeting, and financing operations | Financial planning and management: activities for planning, budgeting, and managing resources for sustaining services | Friberg et al.45 |
| 6. Provision for leadership and governance of the health care system | Leadership systems: operations for developing, implementing, and sustaining leadership and governance systems | Fiszbein, Ringold, & Rogers46 |
| Cross-Cutting Research Themes |
| 7. Systems research | Inter-building block themes, multilevel analysis, systems research, mixed qualitative and quantitative measurement, systems evaluation, operations research, implementation science | deSavigny & Adam47 |
| Experimental, quasi-experimental, and plausibility designs; evaluation methods | Remme et al.,48 Habicht et al.49 |
| 8. Organizational diagnosis | Bottlenecks, malaise, corruption, theft, mismanagement | Gilson & Mills50 |
| Cross-Cutting Implementation Themes |
| 9. Scaling-up organizational change | Scaling-up, decentralization, using innovation, restructuring | Simmons et al.,51 Yamey52 |
| 10. Adaptive systems: “open systems” indicators | Social organizational context: economic status, educational attainment, gender issues, family characteristics, family relationships, social organization | Shalley & Gilson,53 Gilson et al.3 |