TABLE 1.

Clinical Decision Support Systems for Pediatric Primary Care in Resource-Constrained Settings Selected for Comparative Assessment

CDSS and Software; Platform	Developing Agency and Collaborators	Intervention Type	Countries, Dates Implemented, and Implementation Scale
IeDA; Commcare/Dimagi	Terre des hommes MOHs, LSHTM, Centre Muraz, UNIGE, FIND, WHO, Tableau, Cloudera, ITU, IPE Global	QI/HSS/Research	Since 2010, >20 million consultations; Burkina Faso, 2010, 1844 HF Mali, 2017, 50 HF Niger, 2019, 2 HF India, 2020, 296 HF Guinea, 2022, 15 HF
ALMANACH; Commcare/Dimagi	SwissTPH and IHI MOHs, ICRC, Adamawa SPHCDA, Somali Red Crescent Society	QI in humanitarian settings/HSS; Tanzania: Research pilot	Since 2015, >535,000 consultations; Tanzania, 2011–2012, 6 HF (research) Afghanistan, 2015–2017, 3 HF Nigeria, 2016–ongoing, 412 HF Somalia, 2020–ongoing, 23–28 HF Libya, 2022–ongoing, 6–28 HF
MSFeCARE-Ped; Logiak/Things Prime	MSF Switzerland MOHs	QI in humanitarian settings	MSF projects 2017–ongoing in 16 projects, 39 HF, >410,000 consultations: Central African Republic Democratic Republic of Congo Kenya Mali Mozambique Niger South Sudan (historically Chad, Nigeria, and Tanzania)
ePOCT; Mangologic	SwissTPH IHI, MOH	Research/Pilot	Tanzania 2014–2016; 9 HF; 1,586 consultations
ePOCT+; medAL-creator and medAL-reader/Wavemind	SwissTPH and Unisanté MOHs, PATH, IHI, KGMU, UCAD, UON, IHI, NIMR-MMRC, MOHs, EPFL, FIND	QI/HSS/Research	2019–ongoing; >310,000 consultations in large-scale research studies: TIMCI project in India, 9 HF pilot Kenya, 60 HF Senegal, 60 HF Tanzania, 24 HFDynamic project in Tanzania, 60 HF Rwanda, 39 HF

CDSS and Software; Platform

Developing Agency and Collaborators

Intervention Type

Countries, Dates Implemented, and Implementation Scale

IeDA;

Commcare/Dimagi

Terre des hommes

MOHs, LSHTM, Centre Muraz, UNIGE, FIND, WHO, Tableau, Cloudera, ITU, IPE Global

QI/HSS/Research

Since 2010, >20 million consultations;

Burkina Faso, 2010, 1844 HF
Mali, 2017, 50 HF
Niger, 2019, 2 HF
India, 2020, 296 HF
Guinea, 2022, 15 HF

ALMANACH;

Commcare/Dimagi

SwissTPH and IHI

MOHs, ICRC, Adamawa SPHCDA, Somali Red Crescent Society

QI in humanitarian settings/HSS;

Tanzania: Research pilot

Since 2015, >535,000 consultations;

Tanzania, 2011–2012, 6 HF (research)
Afghanistan, 2015–2017, 3 HF
Nigeria, 2016–ongoing, 412 HF
Somalia, 2020–ongoing, 23–28 HF
Libya, 2022–ongoing, 6–28 HF

MSFeCARE-Ped;

Logiak/Things Prime

MSF Switzerland

MOHs

QI in humanitarian settings

MSF projects 2017–ongoing in 16 projects, 39 HF, >410,000 consultations:

Central African Republic
Democratic Republic of Congo
Kenya
Mali
Mozambique
Niger
South Sudan
(historically Chad, Nigeria, and Tanzania)

ePOCT;

Mangologic

SwissTPH

IHI, MOH

Research/Pilot

Tanzania 2014–2016; 9 HF; 1,586 consultations

ePOCT+;

medAL-creator and medAL-reader/Wavemind

SwissTPH and Unisanté

MOHs, PATH, IHI, KGMU, UCAD, UON, IHI, NIMR-MMRC, MOHs, EPFL, FIND

QI/HSS/Research

2019–ongoing; >310,000 consultations in large-scale research studies:

TIMCI project in

India, 9 HF pilot
Kenya, 60 HF
Senegal, 60 HF
Tanzania, 24 HFDynamic project in

Tanzania, 60 HF
Rwanda, 39 HF

Abbreviations: CDSS, clinical decision support system; EPFL, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne; ePOCT, electronic point-of-care test; FIND, the global alliance for diagnostics; HF, health facilities; HSS, health systems strengthening; ICRC, International Committee of the Red Cross; IHI, Ifakara Health Institute; ITU, International Telecommunication Union; KGMU, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow; LSHTM, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; MOH, ministry of health; MSF, Médecins Sans Frontières; NIMR-MMRC, National Institute of Medical Research Mbeya Medical Research Centre; QI, quality (of care) improvement; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SDC, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation; SPHCDA, State Primary Health Care Development Agency; SwissTPH, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute; TIMCI, Tools for Integrated Management of Childhood Illness; UCAD, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar; UON, University of Nairobi; UNIGE, University of Geneva; WHO, World Health Organization.