TABLE 2.

Bivariate Analyses of KMC Uptake by Characteristics of Health Facilities, Health Care Workers, Mothers, and Babies in Karnataka, India

DeterminantsDay of Life of KMC Initiation, No. (%)(n=223)a,cuRR(95% CI)KMC Duration-Day Before Discharge,No. (%) (n=216)a,duRR(95% CI)KMC Duration on 7th Day After Discharge,No. (%) (n=219)a,euRR(95% CI)
≤3 days (n=133)>3 days (n=90)≥8 hrs (n=123)<8 hrs (n=93)≥8 hrs (n=98)<8 hrs (n=121)
Characteristics of health facilities
 Health facility preparedness,c,e  mean±SD61.1±14.665.1±6.50.98 (0.98, 0.99)63.8±12.761.4±11.60.99 (0.98, 1.00)61.0±13.264.0±11.20.98 (0.97, 0.99)
Place of birthc
 Public94 (70.7)33 (36.7)4.74 (1.60, 13.5)75 (60.9)51 (51.6)1.71 (0.84, 3.47)56 (57.1)69 (57.0)1.10 (0.86, 1.40)
 Private22 (16.5)54 (60.0)1.73 (0.58, 5.12)34 (27.6)36 (41.9)1.35 (0.66, 2.72)29 (29.6)45 (37.0)0.63 (0.34, 1.17)
 Home17 (12.8)3 (3.3)1.014 (11.4)6 (6.5)1.013 (13.3)7 (5.8)1.0
Hospitalization locationc,d,e
 Public91 (68.4)14 (15.6)4.83 (2.91, 8.01)76 (61.8)28 (30.1)2.15 (1.15, 3.07)54 (55.1)49 (40.5)1.31 (1.01, 1.67)
 Private42 (31.6)76 (84.4)1.047 (38.2)65 (69.9)1.044 (44.9)72 (59.5)1.0
Hospitalization durationc
 ≤3 days87 (65.4)15 (16.7)4.21 (2.58, 6.86)63 (51.2)38 (40.9)1.27 (0.93, 1.74)48 (49.0)53 (43.8)0.91 (0.71, 1.16)
 >3 days46 (34.6)75 (83.3)1.060 (48.8)55 (59.1)1.050 (51.0)68 (56.2)1.0
 KMC initiation support,c,d  mean±SD6.8±1.65.8±2.71.06 (1.01, 1.11)6.8±1.96.1±1.71.10 (1.04, 1.17)6.5±2.16.03±2.11.03 (0.9, 1.11)
 KMC maintenance support,c,d  mean±SD8.5±3.57.0±3.91.04 (1.01, 1.07)8.6±3.47.4±3.81.04 (1.003, 1.06)8.0±3.98.1±3.60.99 (0.95, 1.03)
Characteristics of HCWs
  Knowledge,e mean±SD70.4±3.169.9±0.81.07 (0.98, 1.17)70.2±2.770.3±2.30.99 (0.92, 1.06)70.7±2.769.9±2.11.05 (1.01, 1.09)
 Attitude,c,d,e median (IQR)77.0 (3.0)71.0 (3.0)1.09 (1.07, 1.11)77.0 (6.0)74.0 (5.0)1.01 (0.99, 1.02)76.0 (6.0)74.0 (5.0)1.02 (1.01, 1.05)
 Skills,c,d mean±SD56.3±4.952.6±3.61.08 (1.05, 1.11)55.8±5.053.7±4.21.05 (1.02, 1.08)55.3±4.854.4±4.81.02 (0.99, 1.05)
Characteristics of mothers
 Age in years,
mean±SD
23.3±3.623.9±4.51.03 (0.98, 1.07)23.5±3.623.4±4.31.00 (0.97, 1.02)23.5±4.523.6±3.50.99 (0.95, 1.03)
Educationd
 ≤8th grade89 (66.9)53 (58.9)1.22 (0.89, 1.68)85 (69.1)52 (55.9)1.37 (1.01, 1.84)59 (60.2)79 (65.3)0.91 (0.70, 1.16)
 >8th grade44 (33.1)37 (41.1)1.038 (30.9)41 (44.1)1.039 (39.8)42 (34.7)1.0
Employed
 Yes81 (60.9)53 (58.9)1.05 (0.76, 1.45)78 (63.0)51 (54.8)1.22 (0.90, 1.65)58 (59.2)74 (61.2)1.04 (0.81, 1.32)
 No52 (39.1)37 (41.1)1.045 (36.0)42 (45.2)1.040 (40.8)47 (38.81.0
No. of children
 1 child68 (51.2)54 (60.0)1.24 (0.89, 1.72)69 (56.1)50 (53.8)1.05 (0.77, 1.43)57 (58.2)63 (52.1)1.11 (0.88, 1.41)
 >1 child65 (48.9)36 (40.0)1.054 (43.9)43 (46.2)1.041 (41.8)58 (49.9)1.0
 Knowledge,b mean±SD17.6±3.017.4±3.41.01 (0.96, 1.06)
 Attitude,b median (IQR)4.0 (0)4.0 (0)
 KMC maintenance support  at home,b median (IQR)12 (20.8)17 (20.0)0.99 (0.98, 1.01)
Characteristics of small babies
 Sex
  Male53 (39.8)39 (43.3)0.91 (0.66, 1.26)57 (46.3)36 (38.7)0.83 (0.60, 1.15)43 (43.9)48 (39.7)0.92 (0.72, 1.18)
  Female80 (60.2)51 (56.7)1.066 (53.7)57 (61.3)1.055 (56.1)73 (60.3)1.0
 Birth weight, gc
  ≤1,50018 (13.5)29 (32.2)0.56 (0.42, 0.76)23 (18.7)25 (26.9)0.77 (0.56, 1.08)23 (23.5)26 (21.5)0.95 (0.70, 1.27)
  >1,500105 (86.5)61 (67.8)1.0100 (81.3)68 (73.1)1.075 (76.5)95 (78.5)1.0
 Status at birthc,d
  Well16 (12.0)19 (21.1)0.69 (0.48, 0.99)13 (10.6)21 (22.6)0.64 (0.46, 0.88)17 (17.3)20 (16.5)0.97 (0.7, 1.34)
  Sick117 (88.0)71 (78.9)1.0110 (89.4)72 (77.4)1.081 (82.7)101 (83.5)1.0
  • Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HCW, health care worker; IQR, interquartile range; KMC, kangaroo mother care; SD, standard deviation; uRR, unadjusted relative risk.

  • aSubset of babies for whom KMC details were available in database.

  • bNot included in bivariate analysis for “day of life of KMC initiation” and “duration of KMC on day before discharge” since these were assessed for more than 28 days after childbirth.

  • cVariable selected for log binomial regression analysis for day of life of KMC initiation (P value up to .10).40

  • dVariable selected for log binomial regression analysis for KMC duration before discharge (P value up to .10).40

  • eVariables selected for log binomial regression analysis for day of life of KMC initiation for KMC duration on 7th day after discharge (P value up to .10).40