Bivariate Analyses of KMC Uptake by Characteristics of Health Facilities, Health Care Workers, Mothers, and Babies in Karnataka, India
| Determinants | Day of Life of KMC Initiation, No. (%)(n=223)a,c | uRR(95% CI) | KMC Duration-Day Before Discharge,No. (%) (n=216)a,d | uRR(95% CI) | KMC Duration on 7th Day After Discharge,No. (%) (n=219)a,e | uRR(95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤3 days (n=133) | >3 days (n=90) | ≥8 hrs (n=123) | <8 hrs (n=93) | ≥8 hrs (n=98) | <8 hrs (n=121) | ||||
| Characteristics of health facilities | |||||||||
| Health facility preparedness,c,e mean±SD | 61.1±14.6 | 65.1±6.5 | 0.98 (0.98, 0.99) | 63.8±12.7 | 61.4±11.6 | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 61.0±13.2 | 64.0±11.2 | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) |
| Place of birthc | |||||||||
| Public | 94 (70.7) | 33 (36.7) | 4.74 (1.60, 13.5) | 75 (60.9) | 51 (51.6) | 1.71 (0.84, 3.47) | 56 (57.1) | 69 (57.0) | 1.10 (0.86, 1.40) |
| Private | 22 (16.5) | 54 (60.0) | 1.73 (0.58, 5.12) | 34 (27.6) | 36 (41.9) | 1.35 (0.66, 2.72) | 29 (29.6) | 45 (37.0) | 0.63 (0.34, 1.17) |
| Home | 17 (12.8) | 3 (3.3) | 1.0 | 14 (11.4) | 6 (6.5) | 1.0 | 13 (13.3) | 7 (5.8) | 1.0 |
| Hospitalization locationc,d,e | |||||||||
| Public | 91 (68.4) | 14 (15.6) | 4.83 (2.91, 8.01) | 76 (61.8) | 28 (30.1) | 2.15 (1.15, 3.07) | 54 (55.1) | 49 (40.5) | 1.31 (1.01, 1.67) |
| Private | 42 (31.6) | 76 (84.4) | 1.0 | 47 (38.2) | 65 (69.9) | 1.0 | 44 (44.9) | 72 (59.5) | 1.0 |
| Hospitalization durationc | |||||||||
| ≤3 days | 87 (65.4) | 15 (16.7) | 4.21 (2.58, 6.86) | 63 (51.2) | 38 (40.9) | 1.27 (0.93, 1.74) | 48 (49.0) | 53 (43.8) | 0.91 (0.71, 1.16) |
| >3 days | 46 (34.6) | 75 (83.3) | 1.0 | 60 (48.8) | 55 (59.1) | 1.0 | 50 (51.0) | 68 (56.2) | 1.0 |
| KMC initiation support,c,d mean±SD | 6.8±1.6 | 5.8±2.7 | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) | 6.8±1.9 | 6.1±1.7 | 1.10 (1.04, 1.17) | 6.5±2.1 | 6.03±2.1 | 1.03 (0.9, 1.11) |
| KMC maintenance support,c,d mean±SD | 8.5±3.5 | 7.0±3.9 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 8.6±3.4 | 7.4±3.8 | 1.04 (1.003, 1.06) | 8.0±3.9 | 8.1±3.6 | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) |
| Characteristics of HCWs | |||||||||
| Knowledge,e mean±SD | 70.4±3.1 | 69.9±0.8 | 1.07 (0.98, 1.17) | 70.2±2.7 | 70.3±2.3 | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 70.7±2.7 | 69.9±2.1 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) |
| Attitude,c,d,e median (IQR) | 77.0 (3.0) | 71.0 (3.0) | 1.09 (1.07, 1.11) | 77.0 (6.0) | 74.0 (5.0) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 76.0 (6.0) | 74.0 (5.0) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.05) |
| Skills,c,d mean±SD | 56.3±4.9 | 52.6±3.6 | 1.08 (1.05, 1.11) | 55.8±5.0 | 53.7±4.2 | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | 55.3±4.8 | 54.4±4.8 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) |
| Characteristics of mothers | |||||||||
| Age in years, mean±SD | 23.3±3.6 | 23.9±4.5 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) | 23.5±3.6 | 23.4±4.3 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) | 23.5±4.5 | 23.6±3.5 | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) |
| Educationd | |||||||||
| ≤8th grade | 89 (66.9) | 53 (58.9) | 1.22 (0.89, 1.68) | 85 (69.1) | 52 (55.9) | 1.37 (1.01, 1.84) | 59 (60.2) | 79 (65.3) | 0.91 (0.70, 1.16) |
| >8th grade | 44 (33.1) | 37 (41.1) | 1.0 | 38 (30.9) | 41 (44.1) | 1.0 | 39 (39.8) | 42 (34.7) | 1.0 |
| Employed | |||||||||
| Yes | 81 (60.9) | 53 (58.9) | 1.05 (0.76, 1.45) | 78 (63.0) | 51 (54.8) | 1.22 (0.90, 1.65) | 58 (59.2) | 74 (61.2) | 1.04 (0.81, 1.32) |
| No | 52 (39.1) | 37 (41.1) | 1.0 | 45 (36.0) | 42 (45.2) | 1.0 | 40 (40.8) | 47 (38.8 | 1.0 |
| No. of children | |||||||||
| 1 child | 68 (51.2) | 54 (60.0) | 1.24 (0.89, 1.72) | 69 (56.1) | 50 (53.8) | 1.05 (0.77, 1.43) | 57 (58.2) | 63 (52.1) | 1.11 (0.88, 1.41) |
| >1 child | 65 (48.9) | 36 (40.0) | 1.0 | 54 (43.9) | 43 (46.2) | 1.0 | 41 (41.8) | 58 (49.9) | 1.0 |
| Knowledge,b mean±SD | – | – | – | – | – | 17.6±3.0 | 17.4±3.4 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | |
| Attitude,b median (IQR) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4.0 (0) | 4.0 (0) | – |
| KMC maintenance support at home,b median (IQR) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12 (20.8) | 17 (20.0) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) |
| Characteristics of small babies | |||||||||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 53 (39.8) | 39 (43.3) | 0.91 (0.66, 1.26) | 57 (46.3) | 36 (38.7) | 0.83 (0.60, 1.15) | 43 (43.9) | 48 (39.7) | 0.92 (0.72, 1.18) |
| Female | 80 (60.2) | 51 (56.7) | 1.0 | 66 (53.7) | 57 (61.3) | 1.0 | 55 (56.1) | 73 (60.3) | 1.0 |
| Birth weight, gc | |||||||||
| ≤1,500 | 18 (13.5) | 29 (32.2) | 0.56 (0.42, 0.76) | 23 (18.7) | 25 (26.9) | 0.77 (0.56, 1.08) | 23 (23.5) | 26 (21.5) | 0.95 (0.70, 1.27) |
| >1,500 | 105 (86.5) | 61 (67.8) | 1.0 | 100 (81.3) | 68 (73.1) | 1.0 | 75 (76.5) | 95 (78.5) | 1.0 |
| Status at birthc,d | |||||||||
| Well | 16 (12.0) | 19 (21.1) | 0.69 (0.48, 0.99) | 13 (10.6) | 21 (22.6) | 0.64 (0.46, 0.88) | 17 (17.3) | 20 (16.5) | 0.97 (0.7, 1.34) |
| Sick | 117 (88.0) | 71 (78.9) | 1.0 | 110 (89.4) | 72 (77.4) | 1.0 | 81 (82.7) | 101 (83.5) | 1.0 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HCW, health care worker; IQR, interquartile range; KMC, kangaroo mother care; SD, standard deviation; uRR, unadjusted relative risk.
↵aSubset of babies for whom KMC details were available in database.
↵bNot included in bivariate analysis for “day of life of KMC initiation” and “duration of KMC on day before discharge” since these were assessed for more than 28 days after childbirth.
↵cVariable selected for log binomial regression analysis for day of life of KMC initiation (P value up to .10).40
↵dVariable selected for log binomial regression analysis for KMC duration before discharge (P value up to .10).40
↵eVariables selected for log binomial regression analysis for day of life of KMC initiation for KMC duration on 7th day after discharge (P value up to .10).40