TABLE 4. Relationship Between Frontline Worker and Household Characteristics and Household Receipt of Health and Nutrition Services, Bhojpur District, Bihar State, India
Service and Sample Reporting Receipt of Service
ImmunizationFood SupplementsPregnancy Care InformationGeneral Nutrition Information
HHs with children 0–2 y (N = 1,199)HHs with pregnant women or children 6 m–3 y (N = 2,038)HHs with pregnant women or children 0–3 m (N = 500)HHs with pregnant women or children under 6 y (N = 1,764)
Education and experience, % (95% CI)
ASHAs who completed class 10+46 (43–49)NA43 (39–47)45 (42–47)
AWWs who completed class 11+40 (37–43)40 (38–42)NA40 (38–42)
ASHAs who have 6+ years of experience56 (53–59)66 (62–70)65 (63–67)
AWWs who have 11+ years of experience56 (53–58)59 (57–61)NA59 (57–61)
Monetary incentives, % (95% CI)
AWWs who have ever received immunization incentives22 (20–25)25 (23–26)NA22 (20–24)
AWWs who have ever received training incentives38 (35–41)40 (37–42)NA44 (42–46)
Amount ASHAs receive for institutional delivery (100s), rupeesNANA3.95 (0.99)3.88 (0.95)
AWWs who have experienced frequent delays in payments for immunizations47 (44–50)NANANA
AWWs who have experienced delayed payment for food supplements sometime in last 6 monthsNA65 (63–67)NANA
Primary reason for working is income generation, ASHAs79 (76–81)NA76 (73–80)76 (74–78)
Primary reason for working is income generation, AWWs60 (58–63)62 (60–64)NA63 (60–65)
Worker effort and organization, % (95% CI)
AWWs who have held a designated immunization day89 (88–91)NANANA
AWWs who have held a VHND8 (7–10)8 (7–9)6 (4–8)7 (6–8)
ASHAs who keep children's immunization registry90 (88–91)NANANA
AWWs who keep children's immunization registry98 (97–99)NANANA
ASHAs who keep registry of pregnant women in villageNANA63 (59–68)NA
ASHAs who attended 6+ meetings in past 6 months79 (77–82)NA83 (79–86)80 (78–82)
AWWs who have weighing device for foodNA90 (89–91)NANA
Supervision, training, and knowledge, % (95% CI)
ASHAs who know who their supervisor is46 (43–49)NA50 (46–55)52 (50–55)
AWWs who know who their supervisor is92 (91–94)93 (92–94)92 (91–94)
ASHAs who have received training on pregnancy-related topicsNANA72 (68–76)NA
ASHAs who have received training on nutrition-related topicsNANANA46 (43–48)
AWWs who have received training on nutrition-related topicsNANANA73 (71–75)
ASHAs who list pregnancy as one use of iron pillsNANA83 (80–86)NA
ASHAs who know age to start liquids other than breast milk89 (88–91)
AWWs who know age to start liquids other than breast milkNANANA87 (86–89)
ASHAs who know age to start food other than breast milkNANANA49 (47–51)
AWWs who know age to start food other than breast milkNANANA69 (67–71)
Household and village variables
ASHAs and household head of same caste, % (95% CI)5.0 (3.8–6.2)NA5.0 (3.1–6.9)5.8 (4.7–6.9)
AWWs and household head of same caste, % (95% CI)5.1 (3.8–6.3)5.9 (4.9–6.9)NA7.2 (6.0–8.4)
Pregnant women in catchment area (10s), mean (SD)NANA1.55 (0.80)NA
Household heads who have completed class 7+, % (95% CI)42 (39–45)42 (40–44)43 (38–47)43 (41–45)
Household socioeconomic status index, mean (SD)3.20 (1.41)3.13 (1.44)3.26 (1.42)3.06 (1.43)
Village population (1,000s), mean (SD)2.08 (2.34)2.11 (2.38)2.37 (2.75)2.27 (2.58)
  • Abbreviations: ASHAs, Accredited Social Health Activists; AWWs, Anganwadi workers; NA, not applicable; SD, standard deviation; VHND, Village Health and Nutrition Day.

  • Prevalence rates and 95% confidence interval are reported for all binary variables. For non-binary variables, means and standard deviations are reported.