TABLE 1.

Observed Contextual Factors From 4 Rural Sanitation Sustainability Case Studies in Bhutan, Kenya, Nepal, and Zambia

BhutanKenyaNepalZambia
Geographic AreaSaktengaUdzorongaHoma BaybKerichobSirahaKasamaMporokoso
Geographical featuresHigh altitude; clustered houses; cold climateSteep hills; moderate weatherRocky as well as collapsible soils; high water table
Suba South: near lake		Rocky and collapsible soil; accessible roadsFertile; moderate weather; occasional floodingClay and sandy soil; frequent rain; limited space (clustered houses)Heavy clay soil; fertile; heavy rains
Population density (remote, rural, or periurban)Rural; accessible roads to town centersRural; villages connected through farm roadsRural or periurban (depending on the village)Rural or periurban (depending on the village); small hillsPeriurban; ruralPeriurban; near a large townLunte: remote, very rural with poor road network
LivelihoodAnimal husbandry; migratory populationsSubsistence farming; cattleFarming; cattle; fishingCoffee; tea; farming on plantationsFarming; animal husbandrySmall businesses; selling in marketsChisha-mwamba: farming compounds

  • ↵a Gewogs within the Trashigang district of Bhutan.

  • ↵b In Kenya, data were collected in Rangwe and Suba South subcounties within Homa Bay county; and in Belgut and Kipkelion subcounties within Kericho county.