Potential Areas of Integration Among Vaccine-Preventable Disease Surveillance Support Functionsa
| Surveillance Support Functions | Potential Areas for Integration |
|---|---|
| Governance | Standards and guidelines development, policy, laws/mandates, roles and responsibilities (including for private sector), and funding |
| Program management | Budget creation, resource mobilization, financial management, sustainability, infrastructure/equipment management, human resources, and external surveillance assessments and reviews |
| Workforce capacity | Training/capacity building at all levels; staff for core functions including case detection, notification, investigation, reporting, and response; and epidemic preparedness |
| Laboratory | Specimen collection kits, reagents, and supplies; equipment; physical space; training; personnel; expansion and diversification of regional and global networks; shared procurement processes; and quality management systems |
| Field logistics and communication | Airtime and Internet for notification and reporting, specimen collection, and transport; and feedback of results |
| Supervision | Supportive supervisory visits, workplans, and checklists |
| Data management and use | Information system development; and data harmonization, implementation, and use for performance improvement |
| Coordination | Linking surveillance program to relevant stakeholders (e.g., EPI) for data review, dissemination, and use; improvement planning; surveillance strengthening as core function of International Health Regulations implementation framework, including rapid response teams and emergency operations centers |
Abbreviation: EPI, Expanded Program on Immunization.
↵a From the World Health Organization Global Strategy on Comprehensive Vaccine-Preventable Disease Surveillance.2