Change in Human Development Indicators in 36 States in India, 2006–2021a
| 2006 Prevalence, % (95% CI) | 2016 Prevalence, % (95% CI) | 2021 Prevalence, % (95% CI) | 2006–2016bAnnualized Change, PP (95% CI) | 2016–2021bAnnualized Change, PP (95% CI) | P Value for Overall Difference in Annualized Changec | P Value for Within-State Difference in Annualized Changec (n=30) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women who are literate | 55.1 (54.1, 56.1) | 68.4 (68.1, 68.7) | 71.5 (71.2, 71.7) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | .06 | <.01 |
| Women with 10 or more years of schooling | 22.3 (21.5, 23.1) | 35.7 (35.3, 36.1) | 41 (40.7, 41.4) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | .28 | .6 |
| Women aged 20–24 years first cohabiting after age 18 years | 55.5 (54.3, 56.7) | 74.7 (74.3, 75.2) | 77.7 (77.3, 78.1) | 1.9 (1.8, 2.1) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | <.01 | <.01 |
| Female children at birth for children born in last 5 yearsd | 47.9 (47.3, 48.4) | 47.8 (47.5, 48.0) | 48.1 (47.8, 48.3) | 0 (−0.1, 0.1) | 0.1 (0, 0.1) | .44 | .24 |
| Population living in households that use improved sanitation facility | 29.5 (28.4, 30.7) | 48.5 (48.0, 49.0) | 70.2 (69.8, 70.5) | 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) | 4.3 (4.2, 4.5) | <.01 | <.01 |
| Population living in households with improved drinking-water source | 88.2 (87.4, 89.0) | 94.4 (94.2, 94.6) | 95.8 (95.6, 95.9) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.3) | .23 | <.01 |
| Population living in households with electricity | 67.2 (65.9, 68.5) | 88.0 (87.7, 88.3) | 96.8 (96.7, 96.9) | 2.1 (1.9, 2.2) | 1.8 (1.7, 1.8) | .25 | <.01 |
| Households using clean fuel for cooking | 25.5 (24.3, 26.8) | 43.9 (43.2, 44.5) | 58.8 (58.3, 59.3) | 1.8 (1.7, 2.0) | 3.0 (2.8, 3.1) | <.01 | <.01 |
| Households with any usual member covered under health insurance or financing schemee | 5.0 (4.6, 5.4) | 28.8 (28.5, 29.2) | 41.2 (40.9, 41.5) | 2.4 (2.3, 2.4) | 2.5 (2.4, 2.6) | .42 | .76 |
| Human development composite scoref | −0.1 (−3.8, 3.8) | 1.4 (−1.7, 4.3) |
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval; PP, percentage points.
↵aData for 2006, 2016, and 2021 come from NFHS-3, NFHS-4, and NFHS-5, respectively. Additional details on geographical boundaries are available in Supplement 1 Note 1.
↵bAnnualized change is mean annual absolute change in prevalence.
↵cThe overall difference for 2006–2016 and 2006–2021 annualized change estimates was tested using z-tests. Within-state differences for 2006–2016 and 2006–2021 annualized change estimates were tested using paired Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test for 30 states which were available across rounds; Andhra Pradesh values used for Telangana.
↵dSex ratio can be derived using this indicator.
↵eAyushman Bharat-PMJAY was not fully rolled out at time of NFHS-5.
↵fMedian (2.5 percentile, 97.5 percentile). Score was created using indicators from NFHS-4 districts as reference.