TABLE 4.

Factors Associated With Child At-Risk Development in a Cluster-Randomized Study on the Effect of Maternal Participation in a Women's Health Education Intervention on Early Childhood Development, Tranz Nzoia County, Kenya

Odds Ratio95% Confidence Interval
Study randomization
Interventiona0.50b0.27, 0.94 b
Control (reference)------------
Categorized mother's age (in years)
    <180.910.14, 5.84
    18–241.420.57, 3.53
    25–321.470.60, 3.62
    >32 (reference)-----------
Marital status
    Single/divorced/separated/widowed0.860.36, 2.05
    Married (reference)----------
Employment status
    Unemployed2.160.93, 5.00
    Temporary work3.300.97, 11.26
    Self-employed/permanently employed (reference)-------
Highest educational level of household head
    Pre-primary/none1.550.39, 6.11
    Primary1.600.47, 5.46
    Secondary0.650.18, 2.41
    College or higher (reference)------------
Housing- wall material
    Natural/uncovered walls0.27b0.09, 0.80b
    Finished walls (reference)------------
Housing- floor material
    Natural floor3.020.97, 9.26
    Other (reference)------------
Age of mixed feeding
    >3 months0.630.33, 1.20
    ≤ 3 months (reference)------------
Attitudes towards harsh punishment (response to “To properly raise a child, one must use harsh punishment”)
    Strongly agree/ agree5.710.40, 81.53
    Disagree/strongly disagree5.420.36, 82.04
    Neither agree or disagree (reference)----------
Child's birth weight (in kilograms)0.640.40, 1.02
Child's age in months (in months)c0.82b0.73, 0.92b

  • ↵a Excluded 168 subjects due to missing values for primary outcome or covariate data, with 1,105 children remaining for analysis.

  • ↵b Statistically significant with α set at .05.

  • ↵c At the time of developmental screening questionnaire evaluation.