TABLE.

Design Compared to 3 Approaches in Global Health

	Participatory Research	QI	Sociobehavioral Research	Design
Related terms and approaches	CBPR Participatory action research Youth participatory action research	Lean QI Continuous QI Performance improvement TQM PDSA Six Sigma	Qualitative research Social-behavioral research Formative research Cultural anthropology	HCD Design thinking User-centered design
Framing	Partner with communities to define the problems that matter to them	Understand problems in context of existing systems and subsystems	Use qualitative research methods, sometimes ethnographic approaches; formally approach sampling, recruitment, data collection, analysis	Understand problems in context; use methods from qualitative research, with flexibility to adapt approaches
Intention	Generate research for future action; develop localized ownership and solutions	Improve existing systems using a continuous approach to testing and measurement	Provide inputs to program design or general knowledge	Fundamentally innovate, through creative processes and prototyping; sometimes improve existing systems
Collaboration	Partner with community members, establish long-term relationships	Identify teams within an existing organization or system	Create qualitative research teams, who sometimes immerse in a group or culture	Users may be partners, participants, or subjects in design; engagements are days or weeks, not months or years
Outputs	Research; community ownership of research; community capacity building	Measurably improved processes within existing systems	Peer-reviewed research; ethnographic accounts; program recommendations	Innovation in form of service, product, strategy
Citations and further reading	Chen et al.³² Kia-Keating et al.³³	Kachirskaia et al.³⁴ Ahn et al.³⁵	Tolley³⁶ Design for Health, 2019 Complementary Approaches³⁷	-

Abbreviations: CBPR, community-based participatory research; HCD, human-centered design; PDSA, plan-do-study-act; QI, quality improvement; TQM, total quality management.