Table 1. Sources of Care for Acute Respiratory Infection (%)
Public HospitalPublic Periph HFPrivate Clinic(ian)CHWNGO/ ReligiousPharmacy/ Shop OnlyNon-AllopathicOtherAny Public (not incl. CHWs)Any SourceNa
Survey – DHS Africa
West and Central Africa
Benin 2006Urban(4)1911(4)1912102273453
Rural(2)246(1)31412102666926
All3227(1)316121025691,379
DR Congo 2007Urban(8)1618(4)23(2)(1)2465226
Rural(4)24510126(2)2656336
All521107164(2)2660562
Ghana 2008Urban(36)(3)(15)(10)(3)(38)6353
Rural(14)32(4)(15)(1)(2)456697
All2222(8)(13)(1)(2)4365150
Guinea 2005Urban(13)40(7)(6)(2)(6)517295
Rural(3)28(2)(5)1714(1)3165356
All(5)30(3)(4)1512(2)3567451
Liberia 2007Urban(15)43(16)(10)(1)5883104
Rural(8)341815(4)(4)4278336
All10361814(3)(3)4680440
Mali 2006Urban(5)39(6)(1)(12)(6)(4)4369188
Rural(1)32(1)(2)11103256518
All(2)33(2)(1)51083559706
Niger 2006Urban(5)42(7)(10)(16)(3)44679173
Rural(1)242125425721,034
All(2)26(1)19234(1)28731,207
Nigeria 2008Urban18(6)(9)42(3)2477172
Rural9138(2)36(2)2266519
All11129(1)37(2)2269690
Senegal 2010–2011Urban14379(2)(8)(1)5069310
Rural(3)32(1)(2)(4)(6)(4)3550278
All935(5)(2)(6)(3)(2)4360589
Sierra Leone 2008Urban(8)(29)(11)(2)(9)(36)5856
Rural(6)33(7)(2)(4)(1)(1)3851281
All(6)32(7)(2)(5)(1)(1)3852337
Southern Africa
Lesotho 2009Urban(24)(9)(27)(22)(10)(32)(71)22
Rural(8)32(7)(4)16(5)(2)3972162
All(10)29(9)(4)17(5)(3)3972184
Madagascar 2008–2009Urban(8)(18)(35)(1)(25)6152
Rural3010(7)(2)(1)3047292
All(1)2814(6)(2)(1)2949345
Malawi 2010Urban3421(11)(3)5468168
Rural14428116(1)(1)55781,053
All17399106(1)(1)55761,221
Namibia 2006–2007Urban(29)(34)(22)(4)(1)638752
Rural2237(9)(1)5867149
All243613(1)(1)5972201
Swaziland 2006–2007Urban1231(6)(3)34(4)428232
Rural(3)(50)(5)(1)(14)(6)(53)(77)182
All(5)47(5)(2)17(6)5278214
Zambia 2007Urban(10)57(1)(10)667295
Rural(5)54(1)(1)(8)(5)(3)(1)5975209
All(7)55(1)(1)(6)(6)(3)(1)6174304
Zimbabwe 2010–2011Urban(3)34(6)16386038
Rural(1)43(5)(4)(2)(44)(54)179
All(2)42(1)(4)(6)(1)4355217
East Africa
Ethiopia 2011Urban(6)(15)(28)(2)(3)(19)5069
Rural19522027703
All(1)19722029773
Kenya 2008–2009Urban(20)30(12)(10)(14)477971
Rural12339(2)14(1)(1)4469346
All133310(3)14(1)(1)4570416
Rwanda 2010Urban(45)(21)(10)(6)(2)(45)8454
Rural3514(3)(1)93558269
All36(4)13(4)(1)83662322
Tanzania 2010Urban(25)47(10)(14)708585
Rural(6)5118(5)5778247
All11501686080332
Uganda 2011Urban(13)(16)55(3)(7)(3)2890141
Rural42948(2)(1)3(1)(1)3282977
All527492(1)4(1)(1)32831,118
Survey – DHS Asia
Bangladesh 2011Urban(5)(7)57(1)(1)(21)(3)(1)(12)9140
Rural(3)(9)45(1)22(6)(1)1280237
All(4)(8)47(1)(1)22(5)(1)1282277
Cambodia 2010Urban(17)(24)(26)(22)(9)(39)8941
Rural(5)212018242684457
All621211823b2785498
India 2005–2006Urban12460(1)33116811,110
Rural61046144215704,762
All7949144215725,872
Indonesia 2007Urban(3)22295(1)23192594686
Rural(2)231116(2)24(2)1925911,103
All3221812(1)2421925921,789
Nepal 2011Urban(28)(5)(43)(1)(26)(33)(89)24
Rural(2)2019(3)31(2)(3)2277215
All(5)1923(2)30(2)(2)2378238
Pakistan 2006–2007Urban8(1)71(1)(1)(3)(6)989323
Rural8(2)56(3)(2)121081854
All8260(2)31010831,178
Philippines 2008Urban(13)28(18)(2)(5)(1)3961127
Rural(5)3013(4)15(1)3560197
All82915(3)11(1)3660324
Survey - MICS
Burundi 2006Urban(17)(14)(15)(2)(6)(1)(2)31(52)25
Rural6284(1)(1)333431,061
All6274(1)(1)333431,086
Central Afr Rep 2006Urban1912(7)(4)(1)112948283
Rural(4)17(5)(4)(3)(3)(4)2036389
All10156(2)(3)(2)7c2441672
Côte d'Ivoire 2006Urban24(19)(13)(2)(5)(12)(7)4371121
Rural(6)16(2)(3)(6)13172257301
All1117(5)(3)61314c2861422
Gambia 2006Urban(12)43(11)(19)(2)5479127
Rural(8)56(7)(4)(7)(2)(2)6479236
All10518(2)11(1)(2)6079362
Guinea Bissau 2006Urban4526(11)(3)(1)(1)(9)6376101
Rural1727(2)(5)(1)(1)(8)4153148
All2827(5)(4)(1)(1)(8)4962249
Kyrgyzstan 2006Urban42(27)(1)(6)697073
Rural(17)48(8)(1)(1)575899
All2839(4)(1)(3)6263172
Laos 2006Urban(32)(8)(18)(15)(40)(73)18
Rural(9)(13)(11)(9)(6)(3)2047172
All(11)(13)(12)(9)(7)(3)2250190
Mauritania 2007Urban1623(8)0(9)3853264
Rural922(3)(3)(2)3136288
All12225(2)53445552
Mozambique 2008Urban(9)59(6)(2)(5)6677178
Rural63(4)(1)(5)6373356
All(3)62(4)(1)56474534
Somalia 2006Urban(4)101128(1)1351280
Rural(1)(2)(4)(2)14(1)(1)(3)22558
All(2)46(1)18(1)(1)632838
Tajikistan 2005Urban(30)(28)(58)(58)21
Rural(23)(41)(13)(57)6743
All(25)(37)(9)576464
Togo 2006Urban(5)(12)(6)(1)(1)(7)(18)3034
Rural(2)15(2)(2)(1)(7)(2)1730236
All(3)14(3)(1)(1)(5)(4)1730270
Vietnam 2006Urban36(13)45(6)(15)4999101
Rural183526(6)8(1)(3)5089366
All21312969(1)(2)5090467
  • a N values are adjusted (see Methods section). Note that point estimates for proportions based on adjusted Ns of less than 25 are indicated in parentheses, indicating a lower level of precision.

  • b This consisted mostly of “home of trained health worker.”

  • c In most of these cases, the reported source was “parent or friend.”

  • Abbreviations: CHW, community health worker; HF, health facility; NGO, nongovernmental organization.