| Public Hospital | Public Periph HF | Private Clinic(ian) | CHW | NGO/ Religious | Pharmacy/ Shop Only | Non-Allopathic | Other | Any Public (not incl. CHWs) | Any Source | Na | ||
| Survey – DHS Africa | ||||||||||||
| West and Central Africa | ||||||||||||
| Benin 2006 | Urban | (6) | 20 | 12 | 4 | 17 | 9 | 10 | 25 | 73 | 1,307 | |
| Rural | 2 | 24 | 6 | (1) | 3 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 26 | 63 | 2,854 | |
| All | 3 | 23 | 8 | (1) | 3 | 14 | 10 | 10 | 26 | 66 | 4,162 | |
| DR Congo 2007 | Urban | 6 | 14 | 21 | (4) | 18 | (1) | (4) | 19 | 63 | 950 | |
| Rural | (3) | 21 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 4 | (2) | 24 | 54 | 1,519 | ||
| All | 4 | 18 | 12 | 8 | 13 | 3 | 3 | 22 | 57 | 2,469 | ||
| Ghana 2008 | Urban | 34 | (8) | 18 | 23 | 42 | 82 | 197 | ||||
| Rural | 16 | 25 | (4) | 15 | (4) | 41 | 64 | 347 | ||||
| All | 23 | 19 | 9 | 18 | (3) | 41 | 70 | 544 | ||||
| Guinea 2005 | Urban | 14 | 32 | (7) | (2) | 17 | (4) | (4) | 43 | 73 | 376 | |
| Rural | (1) | 24 | (2) | (4) | 19 | 11 | (1) | 26 | 59 | 1,526 | ||
| All | 4 | 26 | 3 | 4 | 18 | 10 | (2) | 29 | 62 | 1,902 | ||
| Liberia 2007 | Urban | 17 | 30 | 23 | 17 | (2) | (2) | 46 | 81 | 450 | ||
| Rural | 6 | 26 | 21 | 15 | 9 | 7 | 32 | 74 | 1,127 | |||
| All | 9 | 27 | 22 | 15 | 7 | 6 | 36 | 76 | 1,577 | |||
| Mali 2006 | Urban | (4) | 37 | (4) | (1) | 12 | 12 | (4) | 41 | 72 | 558 | |
| Rural | 25 | 2 | 4 | 12 | 11 | 26 | 53 | 1,680 | ||||
| All | 2 | 28 | (1) | 2 | 6 | 12 | 9 | 29 | 57 | 2,238 | ||
| Niger 2006 | Urban | (6) | 43 | (7) | (9) | 13 | (1) | (3) | 49 | 78 | 324 | |
| Rural | 25 | 18 | 18 | 3 | 25 | 62 | 2,019 | |||||
| All | (1) | 27 | (1) | 16 | 17 | 2 | (1) | 28 | 64 | 2,343 | ||
| Nigeria 2008 | Urban | 19 | 10 | 12 | (1) | 33 | (1) | 28 | 74 | 987 | ||
| Rural | 9 | 16 | 8 | (1) | 34 | (1) | (1) | 25 | 68 | 2,981 | ||
| All | 12 | 14 | 9 | 1 | 34 | 1 | 1 | 26 | 70 | 3,968 | ||
| Senegal 2010–2011 | Urban | 12 | 30 | 7 | (2) | 9 | (1) | 4 | 42 | 62 | 1,211 | |
| Rural | 3 | 31 | (1) | 2 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 34 | 46 | 1,252 | ||
| All | 8 | 31 | 4 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 38 | 54 | 2,463 | ||
| Sierra Leone 2008 | Urban | (11) | 17 | 18 | (3) | (16) | (5) | 28 | 69 | 352 | ||
| Rural | (4) | 30 | 8 | (2) | 6 | (1) | 33 | 49 | 931 | |||
| All | 6 | 26 | 11 | (2) | 9 | (1) | (2) | 32 | 55 | 1,283 | ||
| Southern Africa | ||||||||||||
| Lesotho 2009 | Urban | 31 | (11) | (8) | (7) | (5) | (2) | 43 | 60 | 112 | ||
| Rural | (6) | 26 | 9 | (6) | 16 | (4) | (2) | (1) | 32 | 68 | 465 | |
| All | 11 | 23 | 9 | (5) | 14 | (4) | (2) | 34 | 66 | 577 | ||
| Madagascar 2008–2009 | Urban | (5) | 18 | 39 | (2) | 24 | 63 | 164 | ||||
| Rural | (1) | 29 | 8 | 5 | (2) | (1) | 30 | 45 | 952 | |||
| All | (2) | 27 | 13 | 4 | (1) | (1) | 29 | 47 | 1,116 | |||
| Malawi 2010 | Urban | 30 | 24 | 13 | (5) | (3) | (1) | 53 | 72 | 786 | ||
| Rural | 11 | 40 | 5 | 10 | 8 | (1) | (1) | 50 | 73 | 5,428 | ||
| All | 13 | 38 | 6 | 9 | 8 | (1) | 51 | 73 | 6,214 | |||
| Namibia 2006–2007 | Urban | 15 | 25 | 17 | (5) | (1) | 40 | 63 | 320 | |||
| Rural | 15 | 36 | (5) | (2) | (1) | 50 | 57 | 476 | ||||
| All | 15 | 32 | 10 | (3) | (1) | 46 | 60 | 795 | ||||
| Swaziland 2006–2007 | Urban | (7) | (30) | (9) | (2) | (12) | (6) | 36 | 61 | 98 | ||
| Rural | (3) | 42 | (4) | (1) | 10 | (5) | (1) | 45 | 63 | 605 | ||
| All | (4) | 40 | (4) | (1) | 10 | (5) | (1) | 44 | 63 | 703 | ||
| Zambia 2007 | Urban | 9 | 54 | (2) | (7) | 63 | 71 | 276 | ||||
| Rural | (3) | 50 | (2) | 7 | 7 | (2) | (2) | 53 | 71 | 768 | ||
| All | 5 | 51 | (1) | (2) | 5 | 7 | (1) | (1) | 55 | 71 | 1,044 | |
| Zimbabwe 2010–2011 | Urban | (1) | 25 | (3) | (1) | 12 | (3) | 25 | 44 | 134 | ||
| Rural | (1) | 33 | (1) | (4) | (4) | (1) | 34 | 44 | 372 | |||
| All | (1) | 31 | (2) | (3) | 6 | (1) | 32 | 44 | 506 | |||
| East Africa | ||||||||||||
| Ethiopia 2011 | Urban | (4) | 19 | 16 | (1) | (4) | 22 | 41 | 226 | |||
| Rural | (1) | 16 | 6 | (1) | 2 | (1) | 16 | 24 | 1,659 | |||
| All | (1) | 16 | 7 | (1) | 2 | 17 | 26 | 1,885 | ||||
| Kenya 2008–2009 | Urban | 24 | 18 | (9) | (4) | 11 | 41 | 63 | 223 | |||
| Rural | 10 | 29 | 8 | (2) | 14 | 39 | 62 | 1,079 | ||||
| All | 12 | 27 | 8 | (2) | 14 | 39 | 62 | 1,302 | ||||
| Rwanda 2010 | Urban | (1) | 29 | (13) | (14) | (8) | (1) | 31 | 65 | 172 | ||
| Rural | 26 | 16 | 3 | (1) | 4 | 26 | 49 | 1,183 | ||||
| All | 26 | 2 | 16 | 3 | (1) | 4 | 27 | 51 | 1,355 | |||
| Tanzania 2010 | Urban | 19 | 32 | (2) | 15 | 16 | 50 | 80 | 454 | |||
| Rural | (2) | 52 | 23 | 4 | 53 | 78 | 1,300 | |||||
| All | 7 | 47 | 21 | 7 | 53 | 79 | 1,754 | |||||
| Uganda 2011 | Urban | 21 | (11) | 45 | (3) | (4) | 32 | 85 | 330 | |||
| Rural | 5 | 24 | 45 | 5 | 4 | (1) | 28 | 83 | 2,712 | |||
| All | 6 | 23 | 45 | 5 | 4 | (1) | 28 | 83 | 3,042 | |||
| Survey – DHS Asia | ||||||||||||
| Bangladesh 2011 | Urban | (3) | (8) | 45 | (1) | 20 | (3) | (1) | (11) | 76 | 70 | |
| Rural | (2) | (7) | 43 | 21 | (5) | (1) | 8 | 74 | 318 | |||
| All | (2) | 7 | 43 | 21 | (4) | (1) | 9 | 75 | 388 | |||
| Cambodia 2010 | Urban | (13) | (13) | 26 | 30 | (11) | 25 | 86 | 318 | |||
| Rural | 5 | 27 | 17 | 19 | 21 | 31 | 82 | 1,877 | ||||
| All | 6 | 25 | 18 | 20 | 19b | 30 | 82 | 2,194 | ||||
| India 2005–2006 | Urban | 9 | 2 | 46 | 2 | 2 | 11 | 60 | 1,954 | |||
| Rural | 4 | 7 | 36 | (1) | 4 | 2 | 2 | 11 | 52 | 6,931 | ||
| All | 5 | 6 | 38 | (1) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 11 | 54 | 8,885 | ||
| Indonesia 2007 | Urban | (3) | 25 | 25 | 6 | (1) | 21 | 19 | 27 | 93 | 1,937 | |
| Rural | 2 | 24 | 11 | 15 | (1) | 23 | 2 | 19 | 25 | 90 | 3,096 | |
| All | 2 | 24 | 16 | 12 | (1) | 23 | 2 | 19c | 26 | 91 | 5,033 | |
| Nepal 2011 | Urban | (13) | (6) | (36) | (1) | (1) | (27) | (1) | (19) | 81 | 91 | |
| Rural | (2) | 15 | 22 | (2) | 30 | (1) | 17 | 71 | 869 | |||
| All | (3) | 14 | 23 | (2) | 30 | (1) | 17 | 72 | 960 | |||
| Pakistan 2006–2007 | Urban | 8 | (1) | 67 | (1) | (2) | (4) | (4) | 8 | 83 | 791 | |
| Rural | 9 | (2) | 51 | (4) | (2) | 14 | 11 | 80 | 1,777 | |||
| All | 8 | (2) | 56 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 10 | 81 | 2,569 | |||
| Philippines 2008 | Urban | (6) | 24 | 18 | (2) | (6) | 30 | 53 | 586 | |||
| Rural | (3) | 22 | 10 | (4) | 10 | 25 | 46 | 799 | ||||
| All | 5 | 23 | 13 | (3) | 8 | 27 | 49 | 1,385 |
↵a N values are adjusted (see Methods section). Note that point estimates for proportions based on adjusted Ns of less than 25 are indicated in parentheses, indicating a lower level of precision.
↵b This consisted mostly of home of trained health worker.
↵c This consisted mostly of community nurse-midwives.
Abbreviations: CHW, community health worker; HF, health facility; NGO, nongovernmental organization.