Intervention (n=207) | Control (n=197) | Total (N=404) | P Valuea | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, median (IQR) | 24 (22, 28) | 25 (22, 29) | 25 (22, 29) | |
Educational level, n/N (%) | ||||
No education or adult literacy | 4/207 (1.9) | 3/197 (1.5) | 7/404 (1.7) | .72 |
Primary/preschool | 133/207 (64.3) | 134/197 (68.0) | 267/404 (66.1) | |
Secondary or higher | 70/207 (33.8) | 60/197 (30.5) | 130/404 (32.2) | |
Current marital status, n/N (%) | ||||
Married/cohabiting | 169/207 (81.6) | 164/197 (83.3) | 333/404 (82.4) | .31 |
Never married | 25/207 (12.1) | 16/197 (8.1) | 41/404 (10.2) | |
Divorced/separated/widowed | 13/207 (6.3) | 17/197 (8.6) | 30/404 (7.4) | |
Living arrangements, n/N (%) | ||||
Lives by herself | 12/207 (5.8) | 14/197 (7.1) | 26/404 (6.4) | .25 |
Lives with partner/spouse/children | 155/207 (74.9) | 157/197 (79.7) | 312/404 (77.2) | |
Lives with other relatives/friends | 40/207 (19.3) | 26/197 (13.2) | 66/404 (16.3) | |
Employment status, n/N (%) | ||||
Employed | 25/207 (12.1) | 39/197 (19.8) | 64/404 (15.8) | .03 |
Not employed | 182/207 (87.9) | 158/197 (80.2) | 340/404 (84.2) | |
Home district, n/N (%) | ||||
Kisumu | 60/207 (29.0) | 67/197 (34.0) | 127/404 (31.4) | .28 |
Others | 147/207 (71.0) | 130/197 (66.0) | 277/404 (68.6) | |
Pregnancy duration at recruitment, n/N (%) | ||||
14-28 weeks | 161/207 (77.8) | 155/197 (78.7) | 316/404 (78.2) | .83 |
29-36 weeks | 46/207 (22.2) | 42/197 (21.3) | 88/404 (21.8) | |
Total pregnancies, including current, median (IQR) | 3 (2, 4) | 3 (2, 4) | 3 (2, 4) | .38 |
Total number of children | ||||
Living, mean (SD) | 1.0 (1.5) | 1.7 (1.0) | 1.8 (1.3) | .045 |
Dead, mean (SD) | 1.2 (1.6) | 1.4 (1.3) | 1.3 (1.5) | .34 |
Duration of HIV+ status, n/N (%) | ||||
1 year or less | 136/207 (65.7) | 132/197 (67.0) | 268/404 (66.3) | .63 |
2–4 years | 49/207 (23.7) | 40/197 (20.3) | 89/404 (22.0) | |
5 or more years | 22/207 (10.6) | 25/197 (12.7) | 47/404 (11.6) | |
Disclosed status to partner/spouse, n/N (%) | 120/207 (58.0) | 116/197 (58.9) | 236/404 (58.4) | |
Knows the HIV status of spouse/partner, n/N (%) | ||||
Yes | 110/207 (53.1) | 105/196 (53.6) | 215/403 (53.4) | .93 |
Don't know | 97/207 (46.9) | 91/196 (46.4) | 188/403 (46.7) | |
HIV status of spouse/partner, n/N (%) | ||||
Positive | 77/110 (70.0) | 76/105 (72.4) | 153/215 (71.2) | .70 |
Negative | 33/110 (30.0) | 29/105 (27.6) | 62/215 (28.8) | |
ART use, n/N (%) | ||||
Naïve | 118/207 (57.0) | 113/197 (57.4) | 231/404 (57.2) | .94 |
Experienced | 89/207 (43.0) | 84/197 (42.6) | 173/404 (42.8) | |
Type of ARV treatment assigned at PMTCT, n/N (%) | ||||
Option A (only AZT) | 84/207 (40.6) | 84/197 (42.6) | 168/404 (41.6) | .88 |
Option B (3 ARVs) | 123/207 (59.4) | 113/197 (57.4) | 236/404 (58.4) | |
CD4 cell counts at baseline,b n/N (%) | ||||
<350 cells/ml | 50/162 (30.8) | 53/156 (34.0) | 103/318 (32.4) | .64 |
351–500 cells/ml | 37/162 (22.8) | 39/156 (25.0) | 76/318 (23.9) | |
>500 cells/ml | 75/162 (46.3) | 64/156 (41.0) | 139/318 (43.7) | |
Viral load at baseline,c n/N (%) | .38 | |||
<1000 copies/ml | 70/90 (77.8) | 60/72 (83.3) | 130/162 (80.3) | |
>1001 copies/ml | 20/90 (22.2) | 12/72 (16.7) | 32/162 (19.8) | |
Stigma score (16–64), n/N (%) | ||||
Low (16–40) | 146/207 (70.5) | 135/197 (68.5) | 281/404 (69.6) | .32 |
Moderate (41–52) | 59/207 (28.5) | 62/197 (31.5) | 121/404 (30.0) | |
High (53–64) | 2/207 (1.0) | 0/197 (0.0) | 2/404 (0.5) | |
Depression score (10–60), n/N (%) | ||||
No depression (<16) | 136/207 (65.7) | 107/197 (54.3) | 243/404 (60.2) | .02 |
Sign of depression (≥16) | 71/207 (34.3) | 90/197 (45.7) | 161/404 (39.9) | |
General health perception (0–100), n/N (%) | ||||
Good/excellent (>60) | 99/207 (47.8) | 76/197 (38.6) | 175/404 (43.3) | .06 |
Average/poor/very poor (≤60) | 108/207 (52.2) | 121/197 (61.4) | 229/404 (56.7) |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; ARV, antiretroviral; AZT, zidovudine; CD4, cluster of differentiation 4; IQR, interquartile range; PMTCT, prevention of mother-to-child transmission; SD, standard deviation.
↵a P value is from chi-square test for discrete variables; Mann-Whitney U test for median and t test in case of means for continuous variables.
↵b CD4 cell counts were obtained from clinic records; there are missing values due to missing records.
↵c Viral load tests were initiated late in the course of the study, thus results are available for only some participants.