Percentage of Intervention Households That Used Agricultural Techniques and Business Development Strategies in the Most Recent Growing Season,a 2013–2016
| 2013 (n=370) | 2014 (n=350) | 2015 (n=388) | 2016 (n=317) | Change (2013–2016) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pointb | 95% CI | Point | 95% CI | Point | 95% CI | Point | 95% CI | Point | P Valuec | |
| Agricultural techniquesd | ||||||||||
| All techniques (mean) | 5.1 | (5.0 to 5.4) | 6.5 | (6.3 to 6.7) | 7.6 | (7.3 to 7.8) | 7.9 | (7.7 to 8.2) | 2.7 | <.001 |
| Mulching | 28.9% | (24.2 to 34.1) | 46.7% | (41.3 to 52.1) | 71.5% | (66.7 to 76.0) | 77.8% | (72.9 to 82.3) | 48.9% | .001 |
| Crop rotation | 18.1% | (14.2 to 22.6) | 32.8% | (27.8 to 38.0) | 59.4% | (54.2 to 64.4) | 76.9% | (71.9 to 81.4) | 58.8% | .001 |
| Row planting | 52.3% | (46.9 to 57.7) | 63.5% | (58.2 to 68.6) | 84.1% | (80.0 to 87.6) | 92.7% | (89.3 to 95.3) | 40.4% | .001 |
| Weeding | 82.7% | (78.3 to 86.6) | 93.0% | (89.8 to 95.0) | 97.6% | (95.5 to 98.9) | 96.2% | (93.4 to 98.0) | 13.5% | .001 |
| Contour lines | 80.1% | (75.5 to 84.2) | 76.5% | (71.7 to 80.9) | 72.1% | (67.3 to 76.6) | 79.1% | (74.2 to 83.4) | −1.0% | .68 |
| Hoeing | 93.3% | (90.1 to 95.7) | 97.4% | (95.1 to 98.8) | 97.4% | (95.2 to 98.7) | 95.9% | (93.1 to 97.8) | 2.6% | .38 |
| Intercropping | 41.9% | (36.6 to 47.4) | 50.4% | (45.0 to 55.8) | 49.1% | (43.9 to 54.2) | 42.7% | (37.2 to 48.4) | 0.8% | .80 |
| Mounding | 18.2% | (14.2 to 22.7) | 22.0% | (17.8 to 26.8) | 30.1% | (25.5 to 35.1) | 30.7% | (25.7 to 36.1) | 12.5% | .006 |
| Improved seeds | 41.1% | (35.9 to 46.6) | 73.6% | (68.6 to 78.2) | 81.0% | (76.7 to 84.9) | 75.0% | (69.8 to 79.7) | 33.9% | <.001 |
| Resistant cassava varieties | 71.6% | (66.4 to 76.3) | 75.4% | (70.5 to 79.8) | 74.1% | (69.4 to 78.5) | 59.2% | (53.5 to 64.6) | −12.4% | .02 |
| Marketing strategiesd | ||||||||||
| Individual | 64.0% | (58.4 to 68.9) | 71.3% | (66.2 to 76.0) | 63.8% | (58.6 to 68.9) | 58.8% | (53.2 to 64.3) | −5.2% | .35 |
| Agriculture collection center | 0.3% | (0.0 to 1.6) | 0.0% | (0.0 to 1.1) | 5.5% | (3.4 to 8.4) | 30.1% | (25.1 to 35.4) | 29.8% | <.001 |
| Joint negotiation at FFS level | 0.8% | (0.1 to 2.5) | 1.4% | (0.5 to 3.3) | 22.1% | (17.9 to 26.7) | 69.6% | (64.2 to 74.6) | 68.8% | <.001 |
| Joint negotiation at FBA level | 0.3% | (0.0 to 1.6) | 0.6% | (0.1 to 2.1) | 15.9% | (12.3 to 20.1) | 56.6% | (51.0 to 62.1) | 56.3% | <.001 |
| Financial servicese | ||||||||||
| Informal credit | 22.6% | (18.3 to 27.4) | 4.3% | (2.5 to 7.1) | 7.4% | (4.9 to 10.6) | 14.2% | (10.6 to 18.6) | −8.4% | .006 |
| Savings | 7.2% | (4.7 to 10.5) | 22.3% | (18.0 to 27.1) | 36.7% | (31.8 to 41.9) | 50.3% | (44.7 to 56.0) | 43.1% | <.001 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; FBA, farmer business association; FFS, farmer field school.
↵a “Most recent growing season” refers to the season preceding interviews conducted in February/March of indicated year.
↵b “Point” refers to point estimate (% or mean) in each column.
↵c P values in bold text indicate differences significant at the P < .05 level.
↵d Results for agricultural techniques with less than 20% adoption at endline (e.g., organic pesticide, organic fertilizer, virus-resistant banana suckers, tractors, animal traction for tillage, sprayers, other techniques, and other technology) are not presented in the table.
↵e Results for marketing strategies and financial services with less than 10% adoption at endline (e.g., formal credit and insurance) are not presented in the table.