TABLE 1.

Difference-in-Differences Estimates of the Impact of the SERC Initiative on Hospital-Based Health Measures, Upper East and Upper West Regions, Ghana 2009–2015

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
	Deliveries	Cesarean Delivery Rate	Referrals In	Referrals Out	Pneumonia	Other Upper Respiratory Tract	Septicemia	Accidents	Diarrheal Diseases
Treatment area	−52.93^*	−0.00651	−12.08^**	−6.499	−4.537	−100.5^**	2.555	−15.35	20.96
	(26.18)	(0.0113)	(4.345)	(3.735)	(8.015)	(37.8)	(25.98)	(8.088)	(36.05)
Time period	32.55^***	0.025^**	−3.05^*	−6.80^***	0.687	35.57	23.64^*	−3.24	18.12
	(9.55)	(0.00964)	(1.435)	(1.87)	(12.75)	(47.67)	(11.9)	(3.209)	(19.13)
SERC^a	−4.88	0.0035	12.27^*	1.60	10.99	22.57	35.09	20.52^*	11.71
	(12.76)	(0.015)	(5.18)	(3.52)	(12.92)	(49.82)	(41.91)	(9.90)	(33.54)
Constant	89.73^***	0.12^***	17.45^***	12.18^***	46.96^***	237.40^***	28.38	28.17^***	72.04^***
	(23.81)	(0.02)	(4.17)	(3.04)	(14.13)	(58.81)	(30.88)	(6.84)	(14.96)
Observations	861	795	361	500	787	748	237	796	804
Number of hospitals	14	13	13	14	14	14	10	14	14

Abbreviation: SERC, Sustainable Emergency Referral Care.
Note: Estimates are from multilevel linear regressions of outcomes from monthly hospital records in the Upper East and Upper West Regions of Ghana. Regressions include random facility intercepts to account for clustering at the facility level. Standard errors are calculated assuming an exchangeable correlation structure and are reported in parentheses.
↵* P<.05; ** P<.01; *** P<.001.
↵^a The SERC effect (difference-in-difference) is given by the interaction of treatment area with time period.