TABLE 1.

Difference-in-Differences Estimates of the Impact of the SERC Initiative on Hospital-Based Health Measures, Upper East and Upper West Regions, Ghana 2009–2015

(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)
DeliveriesCesarean Delivery RateReferrals InReferrals OutPneumoniaOther Upper Respiratory TractSepticemiaAccidentsDiarrheal Diseases
Treatment area−52.93*−0.00651−12.08**−6.499−4.537−100.5**2.555−15.3520.96
(26.18)(0.0113)(4.345)(3.735)(8.015)(37.8)(25.98)(8.088)(36.05)
Time period32.55***0.025**−3.05*−6.80***0.68735.5723.64*−3.2418.12
(9.55)(0.00964)(1.435)(1.87)(12.75)(47.67)(11.9)(3.209)(19.13)
SERCa−4.880.003512.27*1.6010.9922.5735.0920.52*11.71
(12.76)(0.015)(5.18)(3.52)(12.92)(49.82)(41.91)(9.90)(33.54)
Constant89.73***0.12***17.45***12.18***46.96***237.40***28.3828.17***72.04***
(23.81)(0.02)(4.17)(3.04)(14.13)(58.81)(30.88)(6.84)(14.96)
Observations861795361500787748237796804
Number of hospitals141313141414101414
  • Abbreviation: SERC, Sustainable Emergency Referral Care.

  • Note: Estimates are from multilevel linear regressions of outcomes from monthly hospital records in the Upper East and Upper West Regions of Ghana. Regressions include random facility intercepts to account for clustering at the facility level. Standard errors are calculated assuming an exchangeable correlation structure and are reported in parentheses.

  • * P<.05; ** P<.01; *** P<.001.

  • a The SERC effect (difference-in-difference) is given by the interaction of treatment area with time period.