| Counseling Intervention (n = 159) Score (95% CI) | Waitlist Control (n = 50) Score (95% CI) | Adjusted Net Effect Score (95% CI) | Effect Size Estimateb | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Outcomes | |||||
| Depression | |||||
| Baseline | 1.61 (1.51, 1.71) | 1.59 (1.44, 1.74) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.78 (0.67, 0.89) | 0.97 (0.75, 1.20) | |||
| Pre-post change | -0.83 (-0.98, -0.69) | -0.62 (-0.86, -0.37) | -0.22 (-0.39, -0.04) | 0.57 | .02 |
| Functional impairment | |||||
| Baseline | 1.92 (1.69, 2.15) | 1.86 (1.56, 2.16) | |||
| Follow-up | 1.16 (0.95, 1.38) | 1.49 (1.15, 1.83) | |||
| Pre-post change | -0.76 (-1.06, -0.45) | -0.37 (-0.83, 0.09) | -0.39 (-0.74, -0.03) | 0.53 | .03 |
| Secondary Outcomes | |||||
| Post-traumatic stress | |||||
| Baseline | 1.34 (1.22, 1.46) | 1.35 (1.17, 1.52) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.73 (0.64, 0.83) | 0.86 (0.69, 1.04) | |||
| Pre-post change | -0.61 (-0.74, -0.48) | -0.48 (-0.68, -0.29) | -0.13 (-0.27, 0.01) | 0.35 | .07 |
| Anxiety | |||||
| Baseline | 1.30 (1.17, 1.43) | 1.25 (1.08, 1.41) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.66 (0.53, 0.80) | 0.81 (0.59, 1.03) | |||
| Pre-post change | -0.64 (-0.83, -0.44) | -0.44 (-0.67, -0.21) | -0.19 (-0.35, -0.04) | 0.41 | .01 |
| Traumatic grief | |||||
| Baseline | 0.87 (0.74, 1.01) | 0.86 (0.68, 1.03) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.38 (0.31, 0.44) | 0.47 (0.32, 0.62) | |||
| Pre-post change | -0.50 (-0.59, -0.40) | -0.38 (-0.50, -0.27) | -0.11 (-0.24, 0.02) | 0.26 | .08 |
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
↵a Model-estimated differences after adjusting for age, sex, employment status, time between assessments, number of children, and marital status in all models. All models include multiple imputation by chained equations for missing data and for missing outcomes due to loss to follow-up. Robust standard error estimators are used to account for clustering by counselor.
↵b Measured using Cohen’s d statistic and pooled baseline variances.