TY - JOUR T1 - Key Factors Influencing Use of Immunization Cost Evidence in Country Planning and Budgeting Processes: Experiences From Indonesia, Tanzania, and Vietnam JF - Global Health: Science and Practice JO - GLOB HEALTH SCI PRACT DO - 10.9745/GHSP-D-21-00264 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - e2100264 AU - Annette Ozaltin AU - Kelsey Vaughan AU - Kassimu Tani AU - Fatuma Manzi AU - Vu Quynh Mai AU - Hoang Van Minh AU - Soewarta Kosen AU - Lora Shimp AU - Logan Brenzel AU - Laura Boonstoppel Y1 - 2022/02/28 UR - http://www.ghspjournal.org/content/10/1/e2100264.abstract N2 - Key MessagesSimply making immunization cost evidence available will not likely lead to uptake at country level, with several potential causes identified.Facilitating the 6-step evidence to policy and practice process led to increased recognition by national- and subnational-level stakeholders of the importance of generating and using cost evidence in all 3 countries. However, this did not necessarily translate to actual use.Six lessons learned can help future researchers improve the use of immunization cost evidence in country planning and budgeting processes.Key ImplicationsResearchers need to provide a clear use case for cost evidence. Engaging a small multidisciplinary stakeholder group to develop, implement, and later champion the research can help.Researchers should make cost evidence available within windows of opportunity required by policy makers and practitioners, even if it occasionally requires a sacrifice between rigor and speed. Researchers need help from local stakeholders to properly tailor, package, and deliver the key messages.Researchers need to be prepared to support potential users of cost evidence in translating cost data for use and should build this time into project and funding cycles.In many low- and middle-income countries, planning cycles and policy decisions are not always informed by cost evidence, even where relevant and recent cost evidence is available. The Immunization Costing Action Network (ICAN) project was a research and learning community designed to strengthen country capacity to generate immunization cost evidence and to understand and improve the evidence-to-policy linkages for the evidence. We identified key factors that increase the likelihood that health policy makers will use evidence for policy making or planning, which shaped the development of a 6-step evidence to policy and practice (EPP) facilitated process. ICAN used the EPP process in Indonesia, Tanzania, and Vietnam from 2016–2019. The experience resulted in several insights regarding country priorities related to cost evidence and factors that determine uptake. Cost evidence is more likely to be used if it answers a specific policy question prioritized by the immunization program, while the use case is less clear and urgent for routine planning and program management. Nonhealth ministries and subnational stakeholders can provide important perspectives to inform the research and its usability. The use case for evidence should be revisited periodically as divergences from formal planning cycles are common and new policy windows open. Ensuring evidence is available at the right time is critical, even if this requires a sacrifice between rigor and speed. Engaging a small group of stakeholders, rather than an individual, to champion the research may be more effective, and the research has greater legitimacy if it is produced by multidisciplinary country teams. Evidence and messages should be tailored for and packaged targeting different audiences. Going forward, continued support is necessary to bridge the divide between those who generate cost evidence and those who translate evidence for policy and planning decisions. ER -