<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><xml><records><record><source-app name="HighWire" version="7.x">Drupal-HighWire</source-app><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shen, Angela K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fields, Rebecca</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McQuestion, Mike</style></author></authors><secondary-authors></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The future of routine immunization in the developing world: challenges and opportunities</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Health: Science and Practice</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014-12-01 00:00:00</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">381-394</style></pages><doi><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.9745/GHSP-D-14-00137</style></doi><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><abstract><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vaccine costs in the developing world have grown from &lt; US$1/child in 2001 to about $21 for boys and $35 for girls in 2014, as more and costlier vaccines are being introduced into national immunization programs. To address these and other challenges, additional efforts are needed to strengthen 8 critical components of routine immunization: (1) policy, standards, and guidelines; (2) governance, organization, and management; (3) human resources; (4) vaccine, cold chain, and logistics management; (5) service delivery; (6) communication and community partnerships; (7) data generation and use; and (8) sustainable financing. Four decades ago in 1974, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI). The EPI blueprint laid out the technical and managerial functions necessary to routinely vaccinate children with a limited number of vaccines, providing protection against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, measles, polio, and tuberculosis, and to prevent maternal and neonatal tetanus by vaccinating women of childbearing age with tetanus toxoid. The purpose of EPI was simple and straightforward—to deliver multiple vaccines to all children through a simple schedule of child health visits.1 At the time, basic health systems in most lower- and lower-middle income countries (LLMICs) were weak to nonexistent. Vaccine coverage levels among children younger than 1 year of age were less than 5%.2 By 1990, most LLMICs had institutionalized immunization programs based on the EPI blueprint. In 1991, the global target of vaccinating 80% of the world's children was declared to have been met, saving millions of lives. The capacities and capabilities of countries built through the EPI blueprint were responsible for such significant gains.2 Since then, more vaccines have been added to national immunization schedules, and the contribution of immunization programs to ongoing declines in infant and child mortality has increased commensurately.3,4 As of 2014, …</style></abstract></record></records></xml>