Figures & Tables
Tables
Beneficiary Examples of Innovative Pharmacy Approaches Regulators Track-and-trace systems
Falsified medicine screening
Data analytics services
Providers Pharmacy inventory-management software
Vendor-managed inventory services
Business-to-business marketplace platforms
Patients Direct-to-consumer distribution
Telemedicine
Product locators
Patient engagement tools
Characteristic No. of Participants Role Leadership 8 Operational 3 Managerial 4 Sector Wholesale 3 Innovator 5 Retailer 3 Regulator 3 Supply chain 1 Education level Bachelors 6 Masters 8 PhD 1 Years of experience 5–9 6 10–14 1 >14 8 - TABLE 3.
Summary of Themes and Subthemes From Stakeholder Interviews, by Main Category, Lusaka, Zambia, 2022
Category Themes Subthemes Challenges in the pharmaceutical supply chain Affordability of medicines Medicines are expensive Stockouts of medicines Monopolies are barriers to access Poor transportation Presence of poor-quality medicines Regulatory challenges Practice and regulation mismatch Regulation impacts access and affordability Rigid licensing guidelines Availability of medicines Slow regulatory process Potential benefits of the innovative pharmacy approach Improved availability of products Fast track product registration Improved access and distribution Improved economy Improved procurement efficiency Improve supply chain bottlenecks Improved quality assurance Authentication of products Improved monitoring of products Improved traceability Improved track and trace Limitations and shortcomings to the innovative pharmacy approach Behavioral challenges Lack of awareness People are slow to change Reluctant acceptance of technology Resistance to change Financial challenges High cost of innovation Lack of financial support Lack of government interest Lack of involvement by the Ministry of Health No government support Quality assurance challenges Lack of authentication technologies Regulatory challenges Lack of specific regulations Rigid pharmaceutical regulations Technical challenges Electricity and internet as barriers Innovation is not inclusive Last point delivery confusion Lead time challenges Recommendations for improvement Digitization Digitize patient records Increased digitization of the country Education Increased training for regulators Increased awareness Government lead Introduce more technology Investment into technology Quality assurance Leverage technology Need innovation for authentication Regulation Need for a new regulatory framework Need for localized regulations Need for regulation to enforce medicine quality Research - TABLE 4.
Overall Concerns and Perceptions About Innovative Private Pharmacy Distribution Channels, by Stakeholder Group (N=15), Lusaka, Zambia, 2022
Stakeholder Group Primary Concerns Secondary Concerns Innovation Stance Innovators (n=5) Cost barriers (5/5) Regulatory flexibility (4/5) Highly positive Wholesalers (n=3) Distribution efficiency (3/3) Technology infrastructure (2/3) Moderately positive Retailers (n=3) Medicine availability (3/3) Implementation costs (2/3) Positive Regulator/National agency (n=3) Quality assurance (3/3) Authentication systems (2/3) Cautiously positive Supply chain expert (n=1) Technology implementation (1/1) Infrastructure challenges (1/1) Positive
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