Index by author
Communities as the Cornerstone of Primary Health Care: Learning, Policy, and Practice
A
Abdalla, Omar
- Open AccessApplying the Community Health Worker Coverage and Capacity Tool for Time-Use Modeling for Program Planning in Rwanda and ZanzibarMelanie Morrow, Eric Sarriot, Allyson R. Nelson, Felix Sayinzoga, Beatrice Mukamana, Evariste Kayitare, Halima Khamis, Omar Abdalla and William WinfreyGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S65-S78; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00324
The C3 Tool supports community health worker (CHW) program planning by making tradeoffs apparent between human resources and the services to be provided at varying levels of population coverage. Governments in Rwanda and Zanzibar used the tool, respectively, to optimize CHW time allocation and to estimate how many CHWs were needed to meet universal health coverage goals.
Agarwal, Anup
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
Albert, Joshua
- Open AccessThe Community Health Systems Reform Cycle: Strengthening the Integration of Community Health Worker Programs Through an Institutional Reform PerspectiveNan Chen, Mallika Raghavan, Joshua Albert, Abigail McDaniel, Lilian Otiso, Richard Kintu, Melissa West and David JacobsteinGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S32-S46; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00429
Efforts to scale community health worker programs within primary health care systems in 7 countries illustrated that these efforts are best understood as a complex process of institutional reform. Successful scale up depends on a problem-driven political process; requires that models develop solutions that align with resources, capabilities, and commitments of key stakeholders; and emerges from iterative cycles of learning and improvement.
Amosse, Felizarda
- Open AccessImplementation of a Community Transport Strategy to Reduce Delays in Seeking Obstetric Care in Rural MozambiqueFelizarda Amosse, Helena Boene, Mai-Lei Woo Kinshella, Sharla Drebit, Sumedha Sharma, Prestige Tatenda Makanga, Anifa Valá, Laura A. Magee, Peter von Dadelszen, Marianne Vidler, Esperança Sevene, Khátia Munguambe and the Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Working GroupGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S122-S136; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00511
Encouraging local transport programs and transport infrastructure in poorly-resourced communities can help improve community access and strengthen engagement with health systems. Mobilizing community resources and leadership to implement a community-based transport scheme in rural Mozambique to support referrals to health facilities can help improve maternal and child health outcomes.
Andersson, Sarah R.
- Open AccessUsing Human-Centered Design to Adapt Supply Chains and Digital Solutions for Community Health Volunteers in Nomadic Communities of Northern KenyaSarah R. Andersson, Sarah Hassanen, Amos M. Momanyi, Danielson K. Onyango, Daniel K. Gatwechi, Mercy N. Lutukai, Karen O. Aura, Alex M. Mungai and Yasmin K. ChandaniGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S151-S167; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00378
Investing the time and effort to use human-centered design (HCD) approaches is beneficial to designing supply chains and digital solutions for complex sociocultural settings. HCD enables users to be engaged in cocreating solutions that address their challenges, are appropriate for their context and capacity, and build local ownership.
Aura, Karen O.
- Open AccessUsing Human-Centered Design to Adapt Supply Chains and Digital Solutions for Community Health Volunteers in Nomadic Communities of Northern KenyaSarah R. Andersson, Sarah Hassanen, Amos M. Momanyi, Danielson K. Onyango, Daniel K. Gatwechi, Mercy N. Lutukai, Karen O. Aura, Alex M. Mungai and Yasmin K. ChandaniGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S151-S167; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00378
Investing the time and effort to use human-centered design (HCD) approaches is beneficial to designing supply chains and digital solutions for complex sociocultural settings. HCD enables users to be engaged in cocreating solutions that address their challenges, are appropriate for their context and capacity, and build local ownership.
B
Baird, Madeline
- Open AccessEvaluating Vertical Malaria Community Health Worker Programs as Malaria Declines: Learning From Program Evaluations in Honduras and Lao PDRHarriet G. Napier, Madeline Baird, Evelyn Wong, Eliza Walwyn-Jones, Manuel Espinoza Garcia, Lizeth Cartagena, Nontokozo Mngadi, Viengxay Vanisaveth, Viengphone Sengsavath, Phoutnalong Vilay, Kenesay Thongpiou, Theodoor Visser and Justin M. CohenGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S98-S110; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00379
Community case management by community health workers has substantially reduced malaria across the Greater Mekong Subregion and Central America. To sustain current and achieve further reductions in malaria, surveillance and delivery platforms must be redesigned to ensure their continued use by key populations.
Bass, Jennifer
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
Bellows, Ben
- Open AccessStrength in Diversity: Integrating Community in Primary Health Care to Advance Universal Health CoverageCharlotte E. Warren, Ben Bellows, Rachel Marcus, Jordan Downey, Sarah Kennedy and Nazo KureshyGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S1-S5; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-21-00125
The supplement highlights a systems approach that recognizes the communities' roles and their interactions with other health system actors to accelerate outcomes and reflect the diversity of the community health ecosystem. Several cross-cutting priorities emerge from the articles, namely coverage, community health financing, policy change, institutionalization, resilience, accountability, community engagement, and whole-of-society efforts.
Benard, Mitto
- Open AccessCommunity Health Worker Program Sustainability in Africa: Evidence From Costing, Financing, and Geospatial Analyses in MaliPatrick Pascal Saint-Firmin, Birama Diakite, Kevin Ward, Mitto Benard, Sara Stratton, Christine Ortiz, Arin Dutta and Seydou TraoreGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S79-S97; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00404
Understanding specific program costs through efficiency analyses and geospatial targeting allows national stakeholders to make strategic, targeted investments, making the first steps toward sustainability. Costs required for community health worker programs can be reduced without sacrificing quality, and spending can be geographically targeted to optimize service use by rural populations. Results from Mali provide an example for other sub-Saharan African countries.
Boene, Helena
- Open AccessImplementation of a Community Transport Strategy to Reduce Delays in Seeking Obstetric Care in Rural MozambiqueFelizarda Amosse, Helena Boene, Mai-Lei Woo Kinshella, Sharla Drebit, Sumedha Sharma, Prestige Tatenda Makanga, Anifa Valá, Laura A. Magee, Peter von Dadelszen, Marianne Vidler, Esperança Sevene, Khátia Munguambe and the Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Working GroupGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S122-S136; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00511
Encouraging local transport programs and transport infrastructure in poorly-resourced communities can help improve community access and strengthen engagement with health systems. Mobilizing community resources and leadership to implement a community-based transport scheme in rural Mozambique to support referrals to health facilities can help improve maternal and child health outcomes.
C
Cartagena, Lizeth
- Open AccessEvaluating Vertical Malaria Community Health Worker Programs as Malaria Declines: Learning From Program Evaluations in Honduras and Lao PDRHarriet G. Napier, Madeline Baird, Evelyn Wong, Eliza Walwyn-Jones, Manuel Espinoza Garcia, Lizeth Cartagena, Nontokozo Mngadi, Viengxay Vanisaveth, Viengphone Sengsavath, Phoutnalong Vilay, Kenesay Thongpiou, Theodoor Visser and Justin M. CohenGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S98-S110; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00379
Community case management by community health workers has substantially reduced malaria across the Greater Mekong Subregion and Central America. To sustain current and achieve further reductions in malaria, surveillance and delivery platforms must be redesigned to ensure their continued use by key populations.
Chandani, Yasmin K.
- Open AccessUsing Human-Centered Design to Adapt Supply Chains and Digital Solutions for Community Health Volunteers in Nomadic Communities of Northern KenyaSarah R. Andersson, Sarah Hassanen, Amos M. Momanyi, Danielson K. Onyango, Daniel K. Gatwechi, Mercy N. Lutukai, Karen O. Aura, Alex M. Mungai and Yasmin K. ChandaniGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S151-S167; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00378
Investing the time and effort to use human-centered design (HCD) approaches is beneficial to designing supply chains and digital solutions for complex sociocultural settings. HCD enables users to be engaged in cocreating solutions that address their challenges, are appropriate for their context and capacity, and build local ownership.
Chandra, Amit
- Open AccessMind the Global Community Health Funding GapAngela Gichaga, Lizah Masis, Amit Chandra, Dan Palazuelos and Nelly WakabaGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S9-S17; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00517
Community health workers play a critical role in providing both essential health services and pandemic response. Community health demonstrates a strong return on investment, but funding for this sector is limited and fragmented. Understanding the underlying costs of a community health system is crucial for both planning and policy; the data demonstrate a strong investment case.
Chen, Nan
- Open AccessThe Community Health Systems Reform Cycle: Strengthening the Integration of Community Health Worker Programs Through an Institutional Reform PerspectiveNan Chen, Mallika Raghavan, Joshua Albert, Abigail McDaniel, Lilian Otiso, Richard Kintu, Melissa West and David JacobsteinGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S32-S46; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00429
Efforts to scale community health worker programs within primary health care systems in 7 countries illustrated that these efforts are best understood as a complex process of institutional reform. Successful scale up depends on a problem-driven political process; requires that models develop solutions that align with resources, capabilities, and commitments of key stakeholders; and emerges from iterative cycles of learning and improvement.
Choi, Miry
- Open AccessEarly Lessons From Launching an Innovative Community Health Household Model Across 3 Country ContextsDaniel Palazuelos, Lassana M. Jabateh, Miry Choi, Ariwame Jimenez, Matthew Hing, Mariano Matias Iberico, Basimenye Nhlema and Emily WroeGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S168-S178; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00405
Community health worker programs can contribute substantively to health systems working to implement universal health coverage, but there is no one-size-fits-all model. Program leaders should anticipate needing to adapt their plans as local realities demand, but lessons learned in other contexts can provide guidance on how to best proceed.
Cohen, Justin M.
- Open AccessEvaluating Vertical Malaria Community Health Worker Programs as Malaria Declines: Learning From Program Evaluations in Honduras and Lao PDRHarriet G. Napier, Madeline Baird, Evelyn Wong, Eliza Walwyn-Jones, Manuel Espinoza Garcia, Lizeth Cartagena, Nontokozo Mngadi, Viengxay Vanisaveth, Viengphone Sengsavath, Phoutnalong Vilay, Kenesay Thongpiou, Theodoor Visser and Justin M. CohenGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S98-S110; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00379
Community case management by community health workers has substantially reduced malaria across the Greater Mekong Subregion and Central America. To sustain current and achieve further reductions in malaria, surveillance and delivery platforms must be redesigned to ensure their continued use by key populations.
D
Diakite, Birama
- Open AccessCommunity Health Worker Program Sustainability in Africa: Evidence From Costing, Financing, and Geospatial Analyses in MaliPatrick Pascal Saint-Firmin, Birama Diakite, Kevin Ward, Mitto Benard, Sara Stratton, Christine Ortiz, Arin Dutta and Seydou TraoreGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S79-S97; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00404
Understanding specific program costs through efficiency analyses and geospatial targeting allows national stakeholders to make strategic, targeted investments, making the first steps toward sustainability. Costs required for community health worker programs can be reduced without sacrificing quality, and spending can be geographically targeted to optimize service use by rural populations. Results from Mali provide an example for other sub-Saharan African countries.
Downey, Jordan
- Open AccessStrength in Diversity: Integrating Community in Primary Health Care to Advance Universal Health CoverageCharlotte E. Warren, Ben Bellows, Rachel Marcus, Jordan Downey, Sarah Kennedy and Nazo KureshyGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S1-S5; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-21-00125
The supplement highlights a systems approach that recognizes the communities' roles and their interactions with other health system actors to accelerate outcomes and reflect the diversity of the community health ecosystem. Several cross-cutting priorities emerge from the articles, namely coverage, community health financing, policy change, institutionalization, resilience, accountability, community engagement, and whole-of-society efforts.
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
Drebit, Sharla
- Open AccessImplementation of a Community Transport Strategy to Reduce Delays in Seeking Obstetric Care in Rural MozambiqueFelizarda Amosse, Helena Boene, Mai-Lei Woo Kinshella, Sharla Drebit, Sumedha Sharma, Prestige Tatenda Makanga, Anifa Valá, Laura A. Magee, Peter von Dadelszen, Marianne Vidler, Esperança Sevene, Khátia Munguambe and the Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Working GroupGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S122-S136; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00511
Encouraging local transport programs and transport infrastructure in poorly-resourced communities can help improve community access and strengthen engagement with health systems. Mobilizing community resources and leadership to implement a community-based transport scheme in rural Mozambique to support referrals to health facilities can help improve maternal and child health outcomes.
Dunbar, Nelson
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
Duokie, Derry S.
- Open AccessLiberia's Community Health Assistant Program: Scale, Quality, and ResilienceJessica Healey, S. Olasford Wiah, Jannie M. Horace, Dianah B. Majekodunmi and Derry S. DuokieGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S18-S24; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00509
Liberia's community health program went from concept to nationwide scale in 4 years due to the Liberian Government's vision and its partnership with implementing organizations and donors. The next community health policy will tackle the unfinished agenda related to quality, resilience, and sustainability. Liberia's experience offers valuable lessons for innovating, and institutionalizing a compensated, effective cadre of community health assistants.
Dutta, Arin
- Open AccessCommunity Health Worker Program Sustainability in Africa: Evidence From Costing, Financing, and Geospatial Analyses in MaliPatrick Pascal Saint-Firmin, Birama Diakite, Kevin Ward, Mitto Benard, Sara Stratton, Christine Ortiz, Arin Dutta and Seydou TraoreGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S79-S97; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00404
Understanding specific program costs through efficiency analyses and geospatial targeting allows national stakeholders to make strategic, targeted investments, making the first steps toward sustainability. Costs required for community health worker programs can be reduced without sacrificing quality, and spending can be geographically targeted to optimize service use by rural populations. Results from Mali provide an example for other sub-Saharan African countries.
E
Ekpini, Rene Ehounou
- Open AccessGalvanizing Action on Primary Health Care: Analyzing Bottlenecks and Strategies to Strengthen Community Health Systems in West and Central AfricaAline Simen-Kapeu, Maria Eleanor Reserva and Rene Ehounou EkpiniGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S47-S64; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00377
In West and Central Africa, “leaving no one behind” requires strengthening community health systems by increasing health financing, improving supply chain system, and fostering community ownership and partnerships in all settings. Countries with high child mortality rates should improve service delivery through better integration. Galvanizing context-specific country actions is fundamental to improve primary health care services and move toward universal health coverage.
G
Gall, Andrew J.
- Open AccessVolunteer Community Health and Agriculture Workers Help Reduce Childhood Malnutrition in TajikistanRoman Yorick, Faridun Khudonazarov, Andrew J. Gall, Karah Fazekas Pedersen and Jennifer WessonGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S137-S150; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00325
Paired agricultural and health interventions led by volunteer community health workers and community agricultural workers through home visits, community events, and peer support groups proved successful in improving nutrition of children and may be applicable in other contexts.
Garcia, Manuel Espinoza
- Open AccessEvaluating Vertical Malaria Community Health Worker Programs as Malaria Declines: Learning From Program Evaluations in Honduras and Lao PDRHarriet G. Napier, Madeline Baird, Evelyn Wong, Eliza Walwyn-Jones, Manuel Espinoza Garcia, Lizeth Cartagena, Nontokozo Mngadi, Viengxay Vanisaveth, Viengphone Sengsavath, Phoutnalong Vilay, Kenesay Thongpiou, Theodoor Visser and Justin M. CohenGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S98-S110; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00379
Community case management by community health workers has substantially reduced malaria across the Greater Mekong Subregion and Central America. To sustain current and achieve further reductions in malaria, surveillance and delivery platforms must be redesigned to ensure their continued use by key populations.
Gatwechi, Daniel K.
- Open AccessUsing Human-Centered Design to Adapt Supply Chains and Digital Solutions for Community Health Volunteers in Nomadic Communities of Northern KenyaSarah R. Andersson, Sarah Hassanen, Amos M. Momanyi, Danielson K. Onyango, Daniel K. Gatwechi, Mercy N. Lutukai, Karen O. Aura, Alex M. Mungai and Yasmin K. ChandaniGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S151-S167; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00378
Investing the time and effort to use human-centered design (HCD) approaches is beneficial to designing supply chains and digital solutions for complex sociocultural settings. HCD enables users to be engaged in cocreating solutions that address their challenges, are appropriate for their context and capacity, and build local ownership.
George, Joby
- Open AccessLearnings From a Pilot Study to Strengthen Primary Health Care Services: The Community-Clinic-Centered Health Service Model in Barishal District, BangladeshMd. Eklas Uddin, Joby George, Shamim Jahan, Zubair Shams, Nazmul Haque and Henry B. PerryGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S179-S189; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00466
The community-clinic-centered health service model piloted in Bangladesh strengthened community and local government engagement, harmonized the work of different community health worker cadres, and improved client satisfaction. The approach has the potential to strengthen the delivery of close-to-community primary health care services and accelerate progress toward achieving universal health coverage.
Gichaga, Angela
- Open AccessMind the Global Community Health Funding GapAngela Gichaga, Lizah Masis, Amit Chandra, Dan Palazuelos and Nelly WakabaGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S9-S17; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00517
Community health workers play a critical role in providing both essential health services and pandemic response. Community health demonstrates a strong return on investment, but funding for this sector is limited and fragmented. Understanding the underlying costs of a community health system is crucial for both planning and policy; the data demonstrate a strong investment case.
H
Haque, Nazmul
- Open AccessLearnings From a Pilot Study to Strengthen Primary Health Care Services: The Community-Clinic-Centered Health Service Model in Barishal District, BangladeshMd. Eklas Uddin, Joby George, Shamim Jahan, Zubair Shams, Nazmul Haque and Henry B. PerryGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S179-S189; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00466
The community-clinic-centered health service model piloted in Bangladesh strengthened community and local government engagement, harmonized the work of different community health worker cadres, and improved client satisfaction. The approach has the potential to strengthen the delivery of close-to-community primary health care services and accelerate progress toward achieving universal health coverage.
Hassanen, Sarah
- Open AccessUsing Human-Centered Design to Adapt Supply Chains and Digital Solutions for Community Health Volunteers in Nomadic Communities of Northern KenyaSarah R. Andersson, Sarah Hassanen, Amos M. Momanyi, Danielson K. Onyango, Daniel K. Gatwechi, Mercy N. Lutukai, Karen O. Aura, Alex M. Mungai and Yasmin K. ChandaniGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S151-S167; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00378
Investing the time and effort to use human-centered design (HCD) approaches is beneficial to designing supply chains and digital solutions for complex sociocultural settings. HCD enables users to be engaged in cocreating solutions that address their challenges, are appropriate for their context and capacity, and build local ownership.
Healey, Jessica
- Open AccessLiberia's Community Health Assistant Program: Scale, Quality, and ResilienceJessica Healey, S. Olasford Wiah, Jannie M. Horace, Dianah B. Majekodunmi and Derry S. DuokieGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S18-S24; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00509
Liberia's community health program went from concept to nationwide scale in 4 years due to the Liberian Government's vision and its partnership with implementing organizations and donors. The next community health policy will tackle the unfinished agenda related to quality, resilience, and sustainability. Liberia's experience offers valuable lessons for innovating, and institutionalizing a compensated, effective cadre of community health assistants.
Hing, Matthew
- Open AccessEarly Lessons From Launching an Innovative Community Health Household Model Across 3 Country ContextsDaniel Palazuelos, Lassana M. Jabateh, Miry Choi, Ariwame Jimenez, Matthew Hing, Mariano Matias Iberico, Basimenye Nhlema and Emily WroeGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S168-S178; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00405
Community health worker programs can contribute substantively to health systems working to implement universal health coverage, but there is no one-size-fits-all model. Program leaders should anticipate needing to adapt their plans as local realities demand, but lessons learned in other contexts can provide guidance on how to best proceed.
Hirschhorn, Lisa R.
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
Horace, Jannie M.
- Open AccessLiberia's Community Health Assistant Program: Scale, Quality, and ResilienceJessica Healey, S. Olasford Wiah, Jannie M. Horace, Dianah B. Majekodunmi and Derry S. DuokieGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S18-S24; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00509
Liberia's community health program went from concept to nationwide scale in 4 years due to the Liberian Government's vision and its partnership with implementing organizations and donors. The next community health policy will tackle the unfinished agenda related to quality, resilience, and sustainability. Liberia's experience offers valuable lessons for innovating, and institutionalizing a compensated, effective cadre of community health assistants.
Huang, Kuang-Ning
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
Hussein, Salim
- Open AccessInstitutionalizing Community Health Services in Kenya: A Policy and Practice JourneySalim Hussein, Lilian Otiso, Maureen Kimani, Agatha Olago, John Wanyungu, Daniel Kavoo, Rose Njiraini, Sila Kimanzi and Robinson KarugaGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S25-S31; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00430
The process of institutionalizing community health services in Kenya required strong leadership by the Ministry of Health, effective coordination and support of stakeholders, and alignment of community health with the political priorities at the national and decentralized government levels to facilitate adequate prioritization and financing of the community health strategy.
I
Iberico, Mariano Matias
- Open AccessEarly Lessons From Launching an Innovative Community Health Household Model Across 3 Country ContextsDaniel Palazuelos, Lassana M. Jabateh, Miry Choi, Ariwame Jimenez, Matthew Hing, Mariano Matias Iberico, Basimenye Nhlema and Emily WroeGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S168-S178; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00405
Community health worker programs can contribute substantively to health systems working to implement universal health coverage, but there is no one-size-fits-all model. Program leaders should anticipate needing to adapt their plans as local realities demand, but lessons learned in other contexts can provide guidance on how to best proceed.
J
Jabateh, Lassana M.
- Open AccessEarly Lessons From Launching an Innovative Community Health Household Model Across 3 Country ContextsDaniel Palazuelos, Lassana M. Jabateh, Miry Choi, Ariwame Jimenez, Matthew Hing, Mariano Matias Iberico, Basimenye Nhlema and Emily WroeGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S168-S178; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00405
Community health worker programs can contribute substantively to health systems working to implement universal health coverage, but there is no one-size-fits-all model. Program leaders should anticipate needing to adapt their plans as local realities demand, but lessons learned in other contexts can provide guidance on how to best proceed.
Jacobstein, David
- Open AccessThe Community Health Systems Reform Cycle: Strengthening the Integration of Community Health Worker Programs Through an Institutional Reform PerspectiveNan Chen, Mallika Raghavan, Joshua Albert, Abigail McDaniel, Lilian Otiso, Richard Kintu, Melissa West and David JacobsteinGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S32-S46; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00429
Efforts to scale community health worker programs within primary health care systems in 7 countries illustrated that these efforts are best understood as a complex process of institutional reform. Successful scale up depends on a problem-driven political process; requires that models develop solutions that align with resources, capabilities, and commitments of key stakeholders; and emerges from iterative cycles of learning and improvement.
Jahan, Shamim
- Open AccessLearnings From a Pilot Study to Strengthen Primary Health Care Services: The Community-Clinic-Centered Health Service Model in Barishal District, BangladeshMd. Eklas Uddin, Joby George, Shamim Jahan, Zubair Shams, Nazmul Haque and Henry B. PerryGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S179-S189; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00466
The community-clinic-centered health service model piloted in Bangladesh strengthened community and local government engagement, harmonized the work of different community health worker cadres, and improved client satisfaction. The approach has the potential to strengthen the delivery of close-to-community primary health care services and accelerate progress toward achieving universal health coverage.
Jimenez, Ariwame
- Open AccessEarly Lessons From Launching an Innovative Community Health Household Model Across 3 Country ContextsDaniel Palazuelos, Lassana M. Jabateh, Miry Choi, Ariwame Jimenez, Matthew Hing, Mariano Matias Iberico, Basimenye Nhlema and Emily WroeGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S168-S178; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00405
Community health worker programs can contribute substantively to health systems working to implement universal health coverage, but there is no one-size-fits-all model. Program leaders should anticipate needing to adapt their plans as local realities demand, but lessons learned in other contexts can provide guidance on how to best proceed.
K
Karuga, Robinson
- Open AccessInstitutionalizing Community Health Services in Kenya: A Policy and Practice JourneySalim Hussein, Lilian Otiso, Maureen Kimani, Agatha Olago, John Wanyungu, Daniel Kavoo, Rose Njiraini, Sila Kimanzi and Robinson KarugaGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S25-S31; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00430
The process of institutionalizing community health services in Kenya required strong leadership by the Ministry of Health, effective coordination and support of stakeholders, and alignment of community health with the political priorities at the national and decentralized government levels to facilitate adequate prioritization and financing of the community health strategy.
Kavoo, Daniel
- Open AccessInstitutionalizing Community Health Services in Kenya: A Policy and Practice JourneySalim Hussein, Lilian Otiso, Maureen Kimani, Agatha Olago, John Wanyungu, Daniel Kavoo, Rose Njiraini, Sila Kimanzi and Robinson KarugaGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S25-S31; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00430
The process of institutionalizing community health services in Kenya required strong leadership by the Ministry of Health, effective coordination and support of stakeholders, and alignment of community health with the political priorities at the national and decentralized government levels to facilitate adequate prioritization and financing of the community health strategy.
Kayitare, Evariste
- Open AccessApplying the Community Health Worker Coverage and Capacity Tool for Time-Use Modeling for Program Planning in Rwanda and ZanzibarMelanie Morrow, Eric Sarriot, Allyson R. Nelson, Felix Sayinzoga, Beatrice Mukamana, Evariste Kayitare, Halima Khamis, Omar Abdalla and William WinfreyGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S65-S78; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00324
The C3 Tool supports community health worker (CHW) program planning by making tradeoffs apparent between human resources and the services to be provided at varying levels of population coverage. Governments in Rwanda and Zanzibar used the tool, respectively, to optimize CHW time allocation and to estimate how many CHWs were needed to meet universal health coverage goals.
Kennedy, Sarah
- Open AccessStrength in Diversity: Integrating Community in Primary Health Care to Advance Universal Health CoverageCharlotte E. Warren, Ben Bellows, Rachel Marcus, Jordan Downey, Sarah Kennedy and Nazo KureshyGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S1-S5; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-21-00125
The supplement highlights a systems approach that recognizes the communities' roles and their interactions with other health system actors to accelerate outcomes and reflect the diversity of the community health ecosystem. Several cross-cutting priorities emerge from the articles, namely coverage, community health financing, policy change, institutionalization, resilience, accountability, community engagement, and whole-of-society efforts.
Kenny, Avi
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
Khamis, Halima
- Open AccessApplying the Community Health Worker Coverage and Capacity Tool for Time-Use Modeling for Program Planning in Rwanda and ZanzibarMelanie Morrow, Eric Sarriot, Allyson R. Nelson, Felix Sayinzoga, Beatrice Mukamana, Evariste Kayitare, Halima Khamis, Omar Abdalla and William WinfreyGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S65-S78; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00324
The C3 Tool supports community health worker (CHW) program planning by making tradeoffs apparent between human resources and the services to be provided at varying levels of population coverage. Governments in Rwanda and Zanzibar used the tool, respectively, to optimize CHW time allocation and to estimate how many CHWs were needed to meet universal health coverage goals.
Khan, M. Shoaib
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
Khudonazarov, Faridun
- Open AccessVolunteer Community Health and Agriculture Workers Help Reduce Childhood Malnutrition in TajikistanRoman Yorick, Faridun Khudonazarov, Andrew J. Gall, Karah Fazekas Pedersen and Jennifer WessonGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S137-S150; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00325
Paired agricultural and health interventions led by volunteer community health workers and community agricultural workers through home visits, community events, and peer support groups proved successful in improving nutrition of children and may be applicable in other contexts.
Kimani, Maureen
- Open AccessInstitutionalizing Community Health Services in Kenya: A Policy and Practice JourneySalim Hussein, Lilian Otiso, Maureen Kimani, Agatha Olago, John Wanyungu, Daniel Kavoo, Rose Njiraini, Sila Kimanzi and Robinson KarugaGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S25-S31; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00430
The process of institutionalizing community health services in Kenya required strong leadership by the Ministry of Health, effective coordination and support of stakeholders, and alignment of community health with the political priorities at the national and decentralized government levels to facilitate adequate prioritization and financing of the community health strategy.
Kimanzi, Sila
- Open AccessInstitutionalizing Community Health Services in Kenya: A Policy and Practice JourneySalim Hussein, Lilian Otiso, Maureen Kimani, Agatha Olago, John Wanyungu, Daniel Kavoo, Rose Njiraini, Sila Kimanzi and Robinson KarugaGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S25-S31; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00430
The process of institutionalizing community health services in Kenya required strong leadership by the Ministry of Health, effective coordination and support of stakeholders, and alignment of community health with the political priorities at the national and decentralized government levels to facilitate adequate prioritization and financing of the community health strategy.
Kinshella, Mai-Lei Woo
- Open AccessImplementation of a Community Transport Strategy to Reduce Delays in Seeking Obstetric Care in Rural MozambiqueFelizarda Amosse, Helena Boene, Mai-Lei Woo Kinshella, Sharla Drebit, Sumedha Sharma, Prestige Tatenda Makanga, Anifa Valá, Laura A. Magee, Peter von Dadelszen, Marianne Vidler, Esperança Sevene, Khátia Munguambe and the Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Working GroupGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S122-S136; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00511
Encouraging local transport programs and transport infrastructure in poorly-resourced communities can help improve community access and strengthen engagement with health systems. Mobilizing community resources and leadership to implement a community-based transport scheme in rural Mozambique to support referrals to health facilities can help improve maternal and child health outcomes.
Kintu, Richard
- Open AccessThe Community Health Systems Reform Cycle: Strengthening the Integration of Community Health Worker Programs Through an Institutional Reform PerspectiveNan Chen, Mallika Raghavan, Joshua Albert, Abigail McDaniel, Lilian Otiso, Richard Kintu, Melissa West and David JacobsteinGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S32-S46; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00429
Efforts to scale community health worker programs within primary health care systems in 7 countries illustrated that these efforts are best understood as a complex process of institutional reform. Successful scale up depends on a problem-driven political process; requires that models develop solutions that align with resources, capabilities, and commitments of key stakeholders; and emerges from iterative cycles of learning and improvement.
Kraemer, John D.
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
Kureshy, Nazo
- Open AccessStrength in Diversity: Integrating Community in Primary Health Care to Advance Universal Health CoverageCharlotte E. Warren, Ben Bellows, Rachel Marcus, Jordan Downey, Sarah Kennedy and Nazo KureshyGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S1-S5; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-21-00125
The supplement highlights a systems approach that recognizes the communities' roles and their interactions with other health system actors to accelerate outcomes and reflect the diversity of the community health ecosystem. Several cross-cutting priorities emerge from the articles, namely coverage, community health financing, policy change, institutionalization, resilience, accountability, community engagement, and whole-of-society efforts.
L
Lutukai, Mercy N.
- Open AccessUsing Human-Centered Design to Adapt Supply Chains and Digital Solutions for Community Health Volunteers in Nomadic Communities of Northern KenyaSarah R. Andersson, Sarah Hassanen, Amos M. Momanyi, Danielson K. Onyango, Daniel K. Gatwechi, Mercy N. Lutukai, Karen O. Aura, Alex M. Mungai and Yasmin K. ChandaniGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S151-S167; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00378
Investing the time and effort to use human-centered design (HCD) approaches is beneficial to designing supply chains and digital solutions for complex sociocultural settings. HCD enables users to be engaged in cocreating solutions that address their challenges, are appropriate for their context and capacity, and build local ownership.
Ly, E. John
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
M
Magee, Laura A.
- Open AccessImplementation of a Community Transport Strategy to Reduce Delays in Seeking Obstetric Care in Rural MozambiqueFelizarda Amosse, Helena Boene, Mai-Lei Woo Kinshella, Sharla Drebit, Sumedha Sharma, Prestige Tatenda Makanga, Anifa Valá, Laura A. Magee, Peter von Dadelszen, Marianne Vidler, Esperança Sevene, Khátia Munguambe and the Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Working GroupGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S122-S136; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00511
Encouraging local transport programs and transport infrastructure in poorly-resourced communities can help improve community access and strengthen engagement with health systems. Mobilizing community resources and leadership to implement a community-based transport scheme in rural Mozambique to support referrals to health facilities can help improve maternal and child health outcomes.
Majekodunmi, Dianah B.
- Open AccessLiberia's Community Health Assistant Program: Scale, Quality, and ResilienceJessica Healey, S. Olasford Wiah, Jannie M. Horace, Dianah B. Majekodunmi and Derry S. DuokieGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S18-S24; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00509
Liberia's community health program went from concept to nationwide scale in 4 years due to the Liberian Government's vision and its partnership with implementing organizations and donors. The next community health policy will tackle the unfinished agenda related to quality, resilience, and sustainability. Liberia's experience offers valuable lessons for innovating, and institutionalizing a compensated, effective cadre of community health assistants.
Makanga, Prestige Tatenda
- Open AccessImplementation of a Community Transport Strategy to Reduce Delays in Seeking Obstetric Care in Rural MozambiqueFelizarda Amosse, Helena Boene, Mai-Lei Woo Kinshella, Sharla Drebit, Sumedha Sharma, Prestige Tatenda Makanga, Anifa Valá, Laura A. Magee, Peter von Dadelszen, Marianne Vidler, Esperança Sevene, Khátia Munguambe and the Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Working GroupGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S122-S136; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00511
Encouraging local transport programs and transport infrastructure in poorly-resourced communities can help improve community access and strengthen engagement with health systems. Mobilizing community resources and leadership to implement a community-based transport scheme in rural Mozambique to support referrals to health facilities can help improve maternal and child health outcomes.
Marcus, Rachel
- Open AccessStrength in Diversity: Integrating Community in Primary Health Care to Advance Universal Health CoverageCharlotte E. Warren, Ben Bellows, Rachel Marcus, Jordan Downey, Sarah Kennedy and Nazo KureshyGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S1-S5; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-21-00125
The supplement highlights a systems approach that recognizes the communities' roles and their interactions with other health system actors to accelerate outcomes and reflect the diversity of the community health ecosystem. Several cross-cutting priorities emerge from the articles, namely coverage, community health financing, policy change, institutionalization, resilience, accountability, community engagement, and whole-of-society efforts.
Masis, Lizah
- Open AccessMind the Global Community Health Funding GapAngela Gichaga, Lizah Masis, Amit Chandra, Dan Palazuelos and Nelly WakabaGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S9-S17; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00517
Community health workers play a critical role in providing both essential health services and pandemic response. Community health demonstrates a strong return on investment, but funding for this sector is limited and fragmented. Understanding the underlying costs of a community health system is crucial for both planning and policy; the data demonstrate a strong investment case.
McDaniel, Abigail
- Open AccessThe Community Health Systems Reform Cycle: Strengthening the Integration of Community Health Worker Programs Through an Institutional Reform PerspectiveNan Chen, Mallika Raghavan, Joshua Albert, Abigail McDaniel, Lilian Otiso, Richard Kintu, Melissa West and David JacobsteinGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S32-S46; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00429
Efforts to scale community health worker programs within primary health care systems in 7 countries illustrated that these efforts are best understood as a complex process of institutional reform. Successful scale up depends on a problem-driven political process; requires that models develop solutions that align with resources, capabilities, and commitments of key stakeholders; and emerges from iterative cycles of learning and improvement.
McKenna, Anne H.
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
Mendin, Savior Flomo
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
Mngadi, Nontokozo
- Open AccessEvaluating Vertical Malaria Community Health Worker Programs as Malaria Declines: Learning From Program Evaluations in Honduras and Lao PDRHarriet G. Napier, Madeline Baird, Evelyn Wong, Eliza Walwyn-Jones, Manuel Espinoza Garcia, Lizeth Cartagena, Nontokozo Mngadi, Viengxay Vanisaveth, Viengphone Sengsavath, Phoutnalong Vilay, Kenesay Thongpiou, Theodoor Visser and Justin M. CohenGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S98-S110; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00379
Community case management by community health workers has substantially reduced malaria across the Greater Mekong Subregion and Central America. To sustain current and achieve further reductions in malaria, surveillance and delivery platforms must be redesigned to ensure their continued use by key populations.
Momanyi, Amos M.
- Open AccessUsing Human-Centered Design to Adapt Supply Chains and Digital Solutions for Community Health Volunteers in Nomadic Communities of Northern KenyaSarah R. Andersson, Sarah Hassanen, Amos M. Momanyi, Danielson K. Onyango, Daniel K. Gatwechi, Mercy N. Lutukai, Karen O. Aura, Alex M. Mungai and Yasmin K. ChandaniGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S151-S167; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00378
Investing the time and effort to use human-centered design (HCD) approaches is beneficial to designing supply chains and digital solutions for complex sociocultural settings. HCD enables users to be engaged in cocreating solutions that address their challenges, are appropriate for their context and capacity, and build local ownership.
Morrow, Melanie
- Open AccessApplying the Community Health Worker Coverage and Capacity Tool for Time-Use Modeling for Program Planning in Rwanda and ZanzibarMelanie Morrow, Eric Sarriot, Allyson R. Nelson, Felix Sayinzoga, Beatrice Mukamana, Evariste Kayitare, Halima Khamis, Omar Abdalla and William WinfreyGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S65-S78; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00324
The C3 Tool supports community health worker (CHW) program planning by making tradeoffs apparent between human resources and the services to be provided at varying levels of population coverage. Governments in Rwanda and Zanzibar used the tool, respectively, to optimize CHW time allocation and to estimate how many CHWs were needed to meet universal health coverage goals.
Mukamana, Beatrice
- Open AccessApplying the Community Health Worker Coverage and Capacity Tool for Time-Use Modeling for Program Planning in Rwanda and ZanzibarMelanie Morrow, Eric Sarriot, Allyson R. Nelson, Felix Sayinzoga, Beatrice Mukamana, Evariste Kayitare, Halima Khamis, Omar Abdalla and William WinfreyGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S65-S78; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00324
The C3 Tool supports community health worker (CHW) program planning by making tradeoffs apparent between human resources and the services to be provided at varying levels of population coverage. Governments in Rwanda and Zanzibar used the tool, respectively, to optimize CHW time allocation and to estimate how many CHWs were needed to meet universal health coverage goals.
Mungai, Alex M.
- Open AccessUsing Human-Centered Design to Adapt Supply Chains and Digital Solutions for Community Health Volunteers in Nomadic Communities of Northern KenyaSarah R. Andersson, Sarah Hassanen, Amos M. Momanyi, Danielson K. Onyango, Daniel K. Gatwechi, Mercy N. Lutukai, Karen O. Aura, Alex M. Mungai and Yasmin K. ChandaniGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S151-S167; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00378
Investing the time and effort to use human-centered design (HCD) approaches is beneficial to designing supply chains and digital solutions for complex sociocultural settings. HCD enables users to be engaged in cocreating solutions that address their challenges, are appropriate for their context and capacity, and build local ownership.
Munguambe, Khátia
- Open AccessImplementation of a Community Transport Strategy to Reduce Delays in Seeking Obstetric Care in Rural MozambiqueFelizarda Amosse, Helena Boene, Mai-Lei Woo Kinshella, Sharla Drebit, Sumedha Sharma, Prestige Tatenda Makanga, Anifa Valá, Laura A. Magee, Peter von Dadelszen, Marianne Vidler, Esperança Sevene, Khátia Munguambe and the Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Working GroupGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S122-S136; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00511
Encouraging local transport programs and transport infrastructure in poorly-resourced communities can help improve community access and strengthen engagement with health systems. Mobilizing community resources and leadership to implement a community-based transport scheme in rural Mozambique to support referrals to health facilities can help improve maternal and child health outcomes.
N
Napier, Harriet G.
- Open AccessEvaluating Vertical Malaria Community Health Worker Programs as Malaria Declines: Learning From Program Evaluations in Honduras and Lao PDRHarriet G. Napier, Madeline Baird, Evelyn Wong, Eliza Walwyn-Jones, Manuel Espinoza Garcia, Lizeth Cartagena, Nontokozo Mngadi, Viengxay Vanisaveth, Viengphone Sengsavath, Phoutnalong Vilay, Kenesay Thongpiou, Theodoor Visser and Justin M. CohenGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S98-S110; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00379
Community case management by community health workers has substantially reduced malaria across the Greater Mekong Subregion and Central America. To sustain current and achieve further reductions in malaria, surveillance and delivery platforms must be redesigned to ensure their continued use by key populations.
Nelson, Allyson R.
- Open AccessApplying the Community Health Worker Coverage and Capacity Tool for Time-Use Modeling for Program Planning in Rwanda and ZanzibarMelanie Morrow, Eric Sarriot, Allyson R. Nelson, Felix Sayinzoga, Beatrice Mukamana, Evariste Kayitare, Halima Khamis, Omar Abdalla and William WinfreyGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S65-S78; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00324
The C3 Tool supports community health worker (CHW) program planning by making tradeoffs apparent between human resources and the services to be provided at varying levels of population coverage. Governments in Rwanda and Zanzibar used the tool, respectively, to optimize CHW time allocation and to estimate how many CHWs were needed to meet universal health coverage goals.
Nhlema, Basimenye
- Open AccessEarly Lessons From Launching an Innovative Community Health Household Model Across 3 Country ContextsDaniel Palazuelos, Lassana M. Jabateh, Miry Choi, Ariwame Jimenez, Matthew Hing, Mariano Matias Iberico, Basimenye Nhlema and Emily WroeGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S168-S178; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00405
Community health worker programs can contribute substantively to health systems working to implement universal health coverage, but there is no one-size-fits-all model. Program leaders should anticipate needing to adapt their plans as local realities demand, but lessons learned in other contexts can provide guidance on how to best proceed.
Njiraini, Rose
- Open AccessInstitutionalizing Community Health Services in Kenya: A Policy and Practice JourneySalim Hussein, Lilian Otiso, Maureen Kimani, Agatha Olago, John Wanyungu, Daniel Kavoo, Rose Njiraini, Sila Kimanzi and Robinson KarugaGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S25-S31; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00430
The process of institutionalizing community health services in Kenya required strong leadership by the Ministry of Health, effective coordination and support of stakeholders, and alignment of community health with the political priorities at the national and decentralized government levels to facilitate adequate prioritization and financing of the community health strategy.
O
Olago, Agatha
- Open AccessInstitutionalizing Community Health Services in Kenya: A Policy and Practice JourneySalim Hussein, Lilian Otiso, Maureen Kimani, Agatha Olago, John Wanyungu, Daniel Kavoo, Rose Njiraini, Sila Kimanzi and Robinson KarugaGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S25-S31; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00430
The process of institutionalizing community health services in Kenya required strong leadership by the Ministry of Health, effective coordination and support of stakeholders, and alignment of community health with the political priorities at the national and decentralized government levels to facilitate adequate prioritization and financing of the community health strategy.
Onyango, Danielson K.
- Open AccessUsing Human-Centered Design to Adapt Supply Chains and Digital Solutions for Community Health Volunteers in Nomadic Communities of Northern KenyaSarah R. Andersson, Sarah Hassanen, Amos M. Momanyi, Danielson K. Onyango, Daniel K. Gatwechi, Mercy N. Lutukai, Karen O. Aura, Alex M. Mungai and Yasmin K. ChandaniGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S151-S167; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00378
Investing the time and effort to use human-centered design (HCD) approaches is beneficial to designing supply chains and digital solutions for complex sociocultural settings. HCD enables users to be engaged in cocreating solutions that address their challenges, are appropriate for their context and capacity, and build local ownership.
Ortiz, Christine
- Open AccessCommunity Health Worker Program Sustainability in Africa: Evidence From Costing, Financing, and Geospatial Analyses in MaliPatrick Pascal Saint-Firmin, Birama Diakite, Kevin Ward, Mitto Benard, Sara Stratton, Christine Ortiz, Arin Dutta and Seydou TraoreGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S79-S97; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00404
Understanding specific program costs through efficiency analyses and geospatial targeting allows national stakeholders to make strategic, targeted investments, making the first steps toward sustainability. Costs required for community health worker programs can be reduced without sacrificing quality, and spending can be geographically targeted to optimize service use by rural populations. Results from Mali provide an example for other sub-Saharan African countries.
Otiso, Lilian
- Open AccessInstitutionalizing Community Health Services in Kenya: A Policy and Practice JourneySalim Hussein, Lilian Otiso, Maureen Kimani, Agatha Olago, John Wanyungu, Daniel Kavoo, Rose Njiraini, Sila Kimanzi and Robinson KarugaGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S25-S31; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00430
The process of institutionalizing community health services in Kenya required strong leadership by the Ministry of Health, effective coordination and support of stakeholders, and alignment of community health with the political priorities at the national and decentralized government levels to facilitate adequate prioritization and financing of the community health strategy.
- Open AccessThe Community Health Systems Reform Cycle: Strengthening the Integration of Community Health Worker Programs Through an Institutional Reform PerspectiveNan Chen, Mallika Raghavan, Joshua Albert, Abigail McDaniel, Lilian Otiso, Richard Kintu, Melissa West and David JacobsteinGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S32-S46; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00429
Efforts to scale community health worker programs within primary health care systems in 7 countries illustrated that these efforts are best understood as a complex process of institutional reform. Successful scale up depends on a problem-driven political process; requires that models develop solutions that align with resources, capabilities, and commitments of key stakeholders; and emerges from iterative cycles of learning and improvement.
P
Palazuelos, Dan
- Open AccessMind the Global Community Health Funding GapAngela Gichaga, Lizah Masis, Amit Chandra, Dan Palazuelos and Nelly WakabaGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S9-S17; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00517
Community health workers play a critical role in providing both essential health services and pandemic response. Community health demonstrates a strong return on investment, but funding for this sector is limited and fragmented. Understanding the underlying costs of a community health system is crucial for both planning and policy; the data demonstrate a strong investment case.
Palazuelos, Daniel
- Open AccessEarly Lessons From Launching an Innovative Community Health Household Model Across 3 Country ContextsDaniel Palazuelos, Lassana M. Jabateh, Miry Choi, Ariwame Jimenez, Matthew Hing, Mariano Matias Iberico, Basimenye Nhlema and Emily WroeGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S168-S178; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00405
Community health worker programs can contribute substantively to health systems working to implement universal health coverage, but there is no one-size-fits-all model. Program leaders should anticipate needing to adapt their plans as local realities demand, but lessons learned in other contexts can provide guidance on how to best proceed.
Panjabi, Raj
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
Pascal Saint-Firmin, Patrick
- Open AccessCommunity Health Worker Program Sustainability in Africa: Evidence From Costing, Financing, and Geospatial Analyses in MaliPatrick Pascal Saint-Firmin, Birama Diakite, Kevin Ward, Mitto Benard, Sara Stratton, Christine Ortiz, Arin Dutta and Seydou TraoreGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S79-S97; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00404
Understanding specific program costs through efficiency analyses and geospatial targeting allows national stakeholders to make strategic, targeted investments, making the first steps toward sustainability. Costs required for community health worker programs can be reduced without sacrificing quality, and spending can be geographically targeted to optimize service use by rural populations. Results from Mali provide an example for other sub-Saharan African countries.
Pedersen, Karah Fazekas
- Open AccessVolunteer Community Health and Agriculture Workers Help Reduce Childhood Malnutrition in TajikistanRoman Yorick, Faridun Khudonazarov, Andrew J. Gall, Karah Fazekas Pedersen and Jennifer WessonGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S137-S150; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00325
Paired agricultural and health interventions led by volunteer community health workers and community agricultural workers through home visits, community events, and peer support groups proved successful in improving nutrition of children and may be applicable in other contexts.
Perry, Henry B.
- Open AccessLearnings From a Pilot Study to Strengthen Primary Health Care Services: The Community-Clinic-Centered Health Service Model in Barishal District, BangladeshMd. Eklas Uddin, Joby George, Shamim Jahan, Zubair Shams, Nazmul Haque and Henry B. PerryGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S179-S189; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00466
The community-clinic-centered health service model piloted in Bangladesh strengthened community and local government engagement, harmonized the work of different community health worker cadres, and improved client satisfaction. The approach has the potential to strengthen the delivery of close-to-community primary health care services and accelerate progress toward achieving universal health coverage.
R
Raghavan, Mallika
- Open AccessThe Community Health Systems Reform Cycle: Strengthening the Integration of Community Health Worker Programs Through an Institutional Reform PerspectiveNan Chen, Mallika Raghavan, Joshua Albert, Abigail McDaniel, Lilian Otiso, Richard Kintu, Melissa West and David JacobsteinGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S32-S46; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00429
Efforts to scale community health worker programs within primary health care systems in 7 countries illustrated that these efforts are best understood as a complex process of institutional reform. Successful scale up depends on a problem-driven political process; requires that models develop solutions that align with resources, capabilities, and commitments of key stakeholders; and emerges from iterative cycles of learning and improvement.
Reserva, Maria Eleanor
- Open AccessGalvanizing Action on Primary Health Care: Analyzing Bottlenecks and Strategies to Strengthen Community Health Systems in West and Central AfricaAline Simen-Kapeu, Maria Eleanor Reserva and Rene Ehounou EkpiniGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S47-S64; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00377
In West and Central Africa, “leaving no one behind” requires strengthening community health systems by increasing health financing, improving supply chain system, and fostering community ownership and partnerships in all settings. Countries with high child mortality rates should improve service delivery through better integration. Galvanizing context-specific country actions is fundamental to improve primary health care services and move toward universal health coverage.
S
Sarriot, Eric
- Open AccessApplying the Community Health Worker Coverage and Capacity Tool for Time-Use Modeling for Program Planning in Rwanda and ZanzibarMelanie Morrow, Eric Sarriot, Allyson R. Nelson, Felix Sayinzoga, Beatrice Mukamana, Evariste Kayitare, Halima Khamis, Omar Abdalla and William WinfreyGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S65-S78; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00324
The C3 Tool supports community health worker (CHW) program planning by making tradeoffs apparent between human resources and the services to be provided at varying levels of population coverage. Governments in Rwanda and Zanzibar used the tool, respectively, to optimize CHW time allocation and to estimate how many CHWs were needed to meet universal health coverage goals.
Sayinzoga, Felix
- Open AccessApplying the Community Health Worker Coverage and Capacity Tool for Time-Use Modeling for Program Planning in Rwanda and ZanzibarMelanie Morrow, Eric Sarriot, Allyson R. Nelson, Felix Sayinzoga, Beatrice Mukamana, Evariste Kayitare, Halima Khamis, Omar Abdalla and William WinfreyGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S65-S78; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00324
The C3 Tool supports community health worker (CHW) program planning by making tradeoffs apparent between human resources and the services to be provided at varying levels of population coverage. Governments in Rwanda and Zanzibar used the tool, respectively, to optimize CHW time allocation and to estimate how many CHWs were needed to meet universal health coverage goals.
Sengsavath, Viengphone
- Open AccessEvaluating Vertical Malaria Community Health Worker Programs as Malaria Declines: Learning From Program Evaluations in Honduras and Lao PDRHarriet G. Napier, Madeline Baird, Evelyn Wong, Eliza Walwyn-Jones, Manuel Espinoza Garcia, Lizeth Cartagena, Nontokozo Mngadi, Viengxay Vanisaveth, Viengphone Sengsavath, Phoutnalong Vilay, Kenesay Thongpiou, Theodoor Visser and Justin M. CohenGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S98-S110; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00379
Community case management by community health workers has substantially reduced malaria across the Greater Mekong Subregion and Central America. To sustain current and achieve further reductions in malaria, surveillance and delivery platforms must be redesigned to ensure their continued use by key populations.
Sevene, Esperança
- Open AccessImplementation of a Community Transport Strategy to Reduce Delays in Seeking Obstetric Care in Rural MozambiqueFelizarda Amosse, Helena Boene, Mai-Lei Woo Kinshella, Sharla Drebit, Sumedha Sharma, Prestige Tatenda Makanga, Anifa Valá, Laura A. Magee, Peter von Dadelszen, Marianne Vidler, Esperança Sevene, Khátia Munguambe and the Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Working GroupGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S122-S136; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00511
Encouraging local transport programs and transport infrastructure in poorly-resourced communities can help improve community access and strengthen engagement with health systems. Mobilizing community resources and leadership to implement a community-based transport scheme in rural Mozambique to support referrals to health facilities can help improve maternal and child health outcomes.
Shams, Zubair
- Open AccessLearnings From a Pilot Study to Strengthen Primary Health Care Services: The Community-Clinic-Centered Health Service Model in Barishal District, BangladeshMd. Eklas Uddin, Joby George, Shamim Jahan, Zubair Shams, Nazmul Haque and Henry B. PerryGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S179-S189; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00466
The community-clinic-centered health service model piloted in Bangladesh strengthened community and local government engagement, harmonized the work of different community health worker cadres, and improved client satisfaction. The approach has the potential to strengthen the delivery of close-to-community primary health care services and accelerate progress toward achieving universal health coverage.
Sharma, Sumedha
- Open AccessImplementation of a Community Transport Strategy to Reduce Delays in Seeking Obstetric Care in Rural MozambiqueFelizarda Amosse, Helena Boene, Mai-Lei Woo Kinshella, Sharla Drebit, Sumedha Sharma, Prestige Tatenda Makanga, Anifa Valá, Laura A. Magee, Peter von Dadelszen, Marianne Vidler, Esperança Sevene, Khátia Munguambe and the Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Working GroupGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S122-S136; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00511
Encouraging local transport programs and transport infrastructure in poorly-resourced communities can help improve community access and strengthen engagement with health systems. Mobilizing community resources and leadership to implement a community-based transport scheme in rural Mozambique to support referrals to health facilities can help improve maternal and child health outcomes.
Siedner, Mark J.
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
Simen-Kapeu, Aline
- Open AccessGalvanizing Action on Primary Health Care: Analyzing Bottlenecks and Strategies to Strengthen Community Health Systems in West and Central AfricaAline Simen-Kapeu, Maria Eleanor Reserva and Rene Ehounou EkpiniGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S47-S64; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00377
In West and Central Africa, “leaving no one behind” requires strengthening community health systems by increasing health financing, improving supply chain system, and fostering community ownership and partnerships in all settings. Countries with high child mortality rates should improve service delivery through better integration. Galvanizing context-specific country actions is fundamental to improve primary health care services and move toward universal health coverage.
Solomon, Roma
- Open AccessThe Untold Story of Community Mobilizers Re-engaging a Disengaged Community During the Endemic Era of India's Polio Eradication ProgramRoma SolomonGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S6-S8; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00425
Although India's polio eradication program began with a flourish in 1995, gradually, the community disengaged from the program as misinformation about the vaccine spread. Vaccination teams faced abuse and even physical aggression. What caused this break in communication? CORE Group Polio Project's mobilizers had to delve deep to uncover untold stories of why communities were disengaged from the government's polio eradication efforts.
Stratton, Sara
- Open AccessCommunity Health Worker Program Sustainability in Africa: Evidence From Costing, Financing, and Geospatial Analyses in MaliPatrick Pascal Saint-Firmin, Birama Diakite, Kevin Ward, Mitto Benard, Sara Stratton, Christine Ortiz, Arin Dutta and Seydou TraoreGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S79-S97; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00404
Understanding specific program costs through efficiency analyses and geospatial targeting allows national stakeholders to make strategic, targeted investments, making the first steps toward sustainability. Costs required for community health worker programs can be reduced without sacrificing quality, and spending can be geographically targeted to optimize service use by rural populations. Results from Mali provide an example for other sub-Saharan African countries.
T
Tehmeh, Lekilay G.
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
Thongpiou, Kenesay
- Open AccessEvaluating Vertical Malaria Community Health Worker Programs as Malaria Declines: Learning From Program Evaluations in Honduras and Lao PDRHarriet G. Napier, Madeline Baird, Evelyn Wong, Eliza Walwyn-Jones, Manuel Espinoza Garcia, Lizeth Cartagena, Nontokozo Mngadi, Viengxay Vanisaveth, Viengphone Sengsavath, Phoutnalong Vilay, Kenesay Thongpiou, Theodoor Visser and Justin M. CohenGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S98-S110; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00379
Community case management by community health workers has substantially reduced malaria across the Greater Mekong Subregion and Central America. To sustain current and achieve further reductions in malaria, surveillance and delivery platforms must be redesigned to ensure their continued use by key populations.
Traore, Seydou
- Open AccessCommunity Health Worker Program Sustainability in Africa: Evidence From Costing, Financing, and Geospatial Analyses in MaliPatrick Pascal Saint-Firmin, Birama Diakite, Kevin Ward, Mitto Benard, Sara Stratton, Christine Ortiz, Arin Dutta and Seydou TraoreGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S79-S97; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00404
Understanding specific program costs through efficiency analyses and geospatial targeting allows national stakeholders to make strategic, targeted investments, making the first steps toward sustainability. Costs required for community health worker programs can be reduced without sacrificing quality, and spending can be geographically targeted to optimize service use by rural populations. Results from Mali provide an example for other sub-Saharan African countries.
U
Uchtmann, Nathan
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
Uddin, Md. Eklas
- Open AccessLearnings From a Pilot Study to Strengthen Primary Health Care Services: The Community-Clinic-Centered Health Service Model in Barishal District, BangladeshMd. Eklas Uddin, Joby George, Shamim Jahan, Zubair Shams, Nazmul Haque and Henry B. PerryGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S179-S189; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00466
The community-clinic-centered health service model piloted in Bangladesh strengthened community and local government engagement, harmonized the work of different community health worker cadres, and improved client satisfaction. The approach has the potential to strengthen the delivery of close-to-community primary health care services and accelerate progress toward achieving universal health coverage.
V
Valá, Anifa
- Open AccessImplementation of a Community Transport Strategy to Reduce Delays in Seeking Obstetric Care in Rural MozambiqueFelizarda Amosse, Helena Boene, Mai-Lei Woo Kinshella, Sharla Drebit, Sumedha Sharma, Prestige Tatenda Makanga, Anifa Valá, Laura A. Magee, Peter von Dadelszen, Marianne Vidler, Esperança Sevene, Khátia Munguambe and the Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Working GroupGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S122-S136; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00511
Encouraging local transport programs and transport infrastructure in poorly-resourced communities can help improve community access and strengthen engagement with health systems. Mobilizing community resources and leadership to implement a community-based transport scheme in rural Mozambique to support referrals to health facilities can help improve maternal and child health outcomes.
Vanisaveth, Viengxay
- Open AccessEvaluating Vertical Malaria Community Health Worker Programs as Malaria Declines: Learning From Program Evaluations in Honduras and Lao PDRHarriet G. Napier, Madeline Baird, Evelyn Wong, Eliza Walwyn-Jones, Manuel Espinoza Garcia, Lizeth Cartagena, Nontokozo Mngadi, Viengxay Vanisaveth, Viengphone Sengsavath, Phoutnalong Vilay, Kenesay Thongpiou, Theodoor Visser and Justin M. CohenGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S98-S110; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00379
Community case management by community health workers has substantially reduced malaria across the Greater Mekong Subregion and Central America. To sustain current and achieve further reductions in malaria, surveillance and delivery platforms must be redesigned to ensure their continued use by key populations.
Vidler, Marianne
- Open AccessImplementation of a Community Transport Strategy to Reduce Delays in Seeking Obstetric Care in Rural MozambiqueFelizarda Amosse, Helena Boene, Mai-Lei Woo Kinshella, Sharla Drebit, Sumedha Sharma, Prestige Tatenda Makanga, Anifa Valá, Laura A. Magee, Peter von Dadelszen, Marianne Vidler, Esperança Sevene, Khátia Munguambe and the Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Working GroupGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S122-S136; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00511
Encouraging local transport programs and transport infrastructure in poorly-resourced communities can help improve community access and strengthen engagement with health systems. Mobilizing community resources and leadership to implement a community-based transport scheme in rural Mozambique to support referrals to health facilities can help improve maternal and child health outcomes.
Vilay, Phoutnalong
- Open AccessEvaluating Vertical Malaria Community Health Worker Programs as Malaria Declines: Learning From Program Evaluations in Honduras and Lao PDRHarriet G. Napier, Madeline Baird, Evelyn Wong, Eliza Walwyn-Jones, Manuel Espinoza Garcia, Lizeth Cartagena, Nontokozo Mngadi, Viengxay Vanisaveth, Viengphone Sengsavath, Phoutnalong Vilay, Kenesay Thongpiou, Theodoor Visser and Justin M. CohenGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S98-S110; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00379
Community case management by community health workers has substantially reduced malaria across the Greater Mekong Subregion and Central America. To sustain current and achieve further reductions in malaria, surveillance and delivery platforms must be redesigned to ensure their continued use by key populations.
Visser, Theodoor
- Open AccessEvaluating Vertical Malaria Community Health Worker Programs as Malaria Declines: Learning From Program Evaluations in Honduras and Lao PDRHarriet G. Napier, Madeline Baird, Evelyn Wong, Eliza Walwyn-Jones, Manuel Espinoza Garcia, Lizeth Cartagena, Nontokozo Mngadi, Viengxay Vanisaveth, Viengphone Sengsavath, Phoutnalong Vilay, Kenesay Thongpiou, Theodoor Visser and Justin M. CohenGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S98-S110; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00379
Community case management by community health workers has substantially reduced malaria across the Greater Mekong Subregion and Central America. To sustain current and achieve further reductions in malaria, surveillance and delivery platforms must be redesigned to ensure their continued use by key populations.
von Dadelszen, Peter
- Open AccessImplementation of a Community Transport Strategy to Reduce Delays in Seeking Obstetric Care in Rural MozambiqueFelizarda Amosse, Helena Boene, Mai-Lei Woo Kinshella, Sharla Drebit, Sumedha Sharma, Prestige Tatenda Makanga, Anifa Valá, Laura A. Magee, Peter von Dadelszen, Marianne Vidler, Esperança Sevene, Khátia Munguambe and the Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Working GroupGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S122-S136; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00511
Encouraging local transport programs and transport infrastructure in poorly-resourced communities can help improve community access and strengthen engagement with health systems. Mobilizing community resources and leadership to implement a community-based transport scheme in rural Mozambique to support referrals to health facilities can help improve maternal and child health outcomes.
W
Wakaba, Nelly
- Open AccessMind the Global Community Health Funding GapAngela Gichaga, Lizah Masis, Amit Chandra, Dan Palazuelos and Nelly WakabaGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S9-S17; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00517
Community health workers play a critical role in providing both essential health services and pandemic response. Community health demonstrates a strong return on investment, but funding for this sector is limited and fragmented. Understanding the underlying costs of a community health system is crucial for both planning and policy; the data demonstrate a strong investment case.
Walwyn-Jones, Eliza
- Open AccessEvaluating Vertical Malaria Community Health Worker Programs as Malaria Declines: Learning From Program Evaluations in Honduras and Lao PDRHarriet G. Napier, Madeline Baird, Evelyn Wong, Eliza Walwyn-Jones, Manuel Espinoza Garcia, Lizeth Cartagena, Nontokozo Mngadi, Viengxay Vanisaveth, Viengphone Sengsavath, Phoutnalong Vilay, Kenesay Thongpiou, Theodoor Visser and Justin M. CohenGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S98-S110; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00379
Community case management by community health workers has substantially reduced malaria across the Greater Mekong Subregion and Central America. To sustain current and achieve further reductions in malaria, surveillance and delivery platforms must be redesigned to ensure their continued use by key populations.
Wanyungu, John
- Open AccessInstitutionalizing Community Health Services in Kenya: A Policy and Practice JourneySalim Hussein, Lilian Otiso, Maureen Kimani, Agatha Olago, John Wanyungu, Daniel Kavoo, Rose Njiraini, Sila Kimanzi and Robinson KarugaGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S25-S31; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00430
The process of institutionalizing community health services in Kenya required strong leadership by the Ministry of Health, effective coordination and support of stakeholders, and alignment of community health with the political priorities at the national and decentralized government levels to facilitate adequate prioritization and financing of the community health strategy.
Ward, Kevin
- Open AccessCommunity Health Worker Program Sustainability in Africa: Evidence From Costing, Financing, and Geospatial Analyses in MaliPatrick Pascal Saint-Firmin, Birama Diakite, Kevin Ward, Mitto Benard, Sara Stratton, Christine Ortiz, Arin Dutta and Seydou TraoreGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S79-S97; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00404
Understanding specific program costs through efficiency analyses and geospatial targeting allows national stakeholders to make strategic, targeted investments, making the first steps toward sustainability. Costs required for community health worker programs can be reduced without sacrificing quality, and spending can be geographically targeted to optimize service use by rural populations. Results from Mali provide an example for other sub-Saharan African countries.
Warren, Charlotte E.
- Open AccessStrength in Diversity: Integrating Community in Primary Health Care to Advance Universal Health CoverageCharlotte E. Warren, Ben Bellows, Rachel Marcus, Jordan Downey, Sarah Kennedy and Nazo KureshyGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S1-S5; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-21-00125
The supplement highlights a systems approach that recognizes the communities' roles and their interactions with other health system actors to accelerate outcomes and reflect the diversity of the community health ecosystem. Several cross-cutting priorities emerge from the articles, namely coverage, community health financing, policy change, institutionalization, resilience, accountability, community engagement, and whole-of-society efforts.
Waters, Ami
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
Wesson, Jennifer
- Open AccessVolunteer Community Health and Agriculture Workers Help Reduce Childhood Malnutrition in TajikistanRoman Yorick, Faridun Khudonazarov, Andrew J. Gall, Karah Fazekas Pedersen and Jennifer WessonGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S137-S150; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00325
Paired agricultural and health interventions led by volunteer community health workers and community agricultural workers through home visits, community events, and peer support groups proved successful in improving nutrition of children and may be applicable in other contexts.
West, Melissa
- Open AccessThe Community Health Systems Reform Cycle: Strengthening the Integration of Community Health Worker Programs Through an Institutional Reform PerspectiveNan Chen, Mallika Raghavan, Joshua Albert, Abigail McDaniel, Lilian Otiso, Richard Kintu, Melissa West and David JacobsteinGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S32-S46; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00429
Efforts to scale community health worker programs within primary health care systems in 7 countries illustrated that these efforts are best understood as a complex process of institutional reform. Successful scale up depends on a problem-driven political process; requires that models develop solutions that align with resources, capabilities, and commitments of key stakeholders; and emerges from iterative cycles of learning and improvement.
White, Emily E.
- Open AccessMeasuring Knowledge of Community Health Workers at the Last Mile in Liberia: Feasibility and Results of Clinical Vignette AssessmentsJordan Downey, Anne H. McKenna, Savior Flomo Mendin, Ami Waters, Nelson Dunbar, Lekilay G. Tehmeh, Emily E. White, Mark J. Siedner, Raj Panjabi, John D. Kraemer, Avi Kenny, E. John Ly, Jennifer Bass, Kuang-Ning Huang, M. Shoaib Khan, Nathan Uchtmann, Anup Agarwal and Lisa R. HirschhornGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S111-S121; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00380
We integrated clinical vignettes into routine programmatic supervision to assess community health worker knowledge of integrated community case management in rural Liberia. Results included higher rates of correct diagnosis and lifesaving treatment for uncomplicated disease than for more severe cases, with accurate recognition of danger signs posing a challenge.
Wiah, S. Olasford
- Open AccessLiberia's Community Health Assistant Program: Scale, Quality, and ResilienceJessica Healey, S. Olasford Wiah, Jannie M. Horace, Dianah B. Majekodunmi and Derry S. DuokieGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S18-S24; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00509
Liberia's community health program went from concept to nationwide scale in 4 years due to the Liberian Government's vision and its partnership with implementing organizations and donors. The next community health policy will tackle the unfinished agenda related to quality, resilience, and sustainability. Liberia's experience offers valuable lessons for innovating, and institutionalizing a compensated, effective cadre of community health assistants.
Winfrey, William
- Open AccessApplying the Community Health Worker Coverage and Capacity Tool for Time-Use Modeling for Program Planning in Rwanda and ZanzibarMelanie Morrow, Eric Sarriot, Allyson R. Nelson, Felix Sayinzoga, Beatrice Mukamana, Evariste Kayitare, Halima Khamis, Omar Abdalla and William WinfreyGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S65-S78; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00324
The C3 Tool supports community health worker (CHW) program planning by making tradeoffs apparent between human resources and the services to be provided at varying levels of population coverage. Governments in Rwanda and Zanzibar used the tool, respectively, to optimize CHW time allocation and to estimate how many CHWs were needed to meet universal health coverage goals.
Wong, Evelyn
- Open AccessEvaluating Vertical Malaria Community Health Worker Programs as Malaria Declines: Learning From Program Evaluations in Honduras and Lao PDRHarriet G. Napier, Madeline Baird, Evelyn Wong, Eliza Walwyn-Jones, Manuel Espinoza Garcia, Lizeth Cartagena, Nontokozo Mngadi, Viengxay Vanisaveth, Viengphone Sengsavath, Phoutnalong Vilay, Kenesay Thongpiou, Theodoor Visser and Justin M. CohenGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S98-S110; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00379
Community case management by community health workers has substantially reduced malaria across the Greater Mekong Subregion and Central America. To sustain current and achieve further reductions in malaria, surveillance and delivery platforms must be redesigned to ensure their continued use by key populations.
Wroe, Emily
- Open AccessEarly Lessons From Launching an Innovative Community Health Household Model Across 3 Country ContextsDaniel Palazuelos, Lassana M. Jabateh, Miry Choi, Ariwame Jimenez, Matthew Hing, Mariano Matias Iberico, Basimenye Nhlema and Emily WroeGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S168-S178; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00405
Community health worker programs can contribute substantively to health systems working to implement universal health coverage, but there is no one-size-fits-all model. Program leaders should anticipate needing to adapt their plans as local realities demand, but lessons learned in other contexts can provide guidance on how to best proceed.
Y
Yorick, Roman
- Open AccessVolunteer Community Health and Agriculture Workers Help Reduce Childhood Malnutrition in TajikistanRoman Yorick, Faridun Khudonazarov, Andrew J. Gall, Karah Fazekas Pedersen and Jennifer WessonGlobal Health: Science and Practice March 2021, 9(Supplement 1):S137-S150; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00325
Paired agricultural and health interventions led by volunteer community health workers and community agricultural workers through home visits, community events, and peer support groups proved successful in improving nutrition of children and may be applicable in other contexts.
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