Negative Incentives for Noninstitutional Births Are Associated With a Higher Rate of Facility-Based Births in the Eastern Visaya Region, Philippines

Shogo Kanamori; Marcelyn D. Bonhaon; Minerva Peregrino Molon

doi:10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00616

Figures & Tables

Tables

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TABLE 1.

Distribution of Deliveries That Occurred During 2017 Among Pregnant Women Residing in 4,371 Barangays in the Eastern Visaya Region, Philippines

Province	Total Deliveries	FBD Cases	NID Cases	Delivery Place Unknown	Delivery Place Known
Province	Total Deliveries	FBD Cases	NID Cases	Delivery Place Unknown	Total	FBD Rate, %
Biliran	3,458	3,365	80	13	3,445	97.7
Eastern Samar	7,757	7,014	537	206	7,551	92.9
Leyte	31,958	30,196	760	1,002	30,956	97.5
Northern Samar	10,488	8,002	2,037	449	10,039	79.7
Samar	14,585	11,295	2,558	732	13,853	81.5
Southern Leyte	6,168	5,970	44	154	6,014	99.3
Total	74,414	65,842	6,016	2,556	71,858	91.6

Abbreviations: FBD, facility-based delivery; NID, noninstitutional delivery.

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TABLE 2.

Characteristics of the 4,371 Barangays That Were Included in the Study Looking at Incentives and Institutional Deliveries in Eastern Visaya Region, Philippines, 2017

Questionnaire Items	No.	%
Pregnant women receiving any incentive payment for FBDs
Yes	1,848	43.2
No	2,433	56.8
Missing	90	—
Existence of a local ordinance or policy supported by a written official order to prohibit NID
Yes, nonmonetary sanction or no specific penalty	881	20.6
Yes, with low cash penalty (200–1,000 PHP)	1,218	28.5
Yes, with high cash penalty (1,200–10,000 PHP)	1,221	28.5
No	957	22.4
Missing	94	—
Barangay classification
Urban	119	2.7
Rural	4,252	97.3
Assignment of a full-time or part-time RHM or nurse for routine maternal care services in the barangay
Yes	3,741	89.6
No	436	10.4
Missing	195	—
A functional vehicle available to transport pregnant women
Yes	2,812	65.9
No	1,453	34.1
Missing	106	—
Public means of transport to a government BF available
Yes	3,936	91.3
No	376	8.7
Missing	59	—

Abbreviations: BF, birthing facility; FBDs, facility-based deliveries; NID, noninstitutional delivery; PHP, Philippine pesos; RHM, rural health midwife.

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TABLE 3.

Logistic Regression Analysis to Measure the Associations Between Facility-Based Delivery and the Characteristics of 4,371 Barangays in the Eastern Visaya Region, Philippines

	Odds Ratio	95% CI	P value
Incentive payment provided for FBD	1.02	0.96, 1.09	.563
Ordinance to Prohibit NID
No	0.90	0.83, 0.98	.013
Yes, nonmonetary sanction or no specific penalty	(Reference)
Yes, with low cash penalty (200–1,000 PHP)	1.37	1.26, 1.49	<.001
Yes, with high cash penalty (1,200–10,000 PHP)	2.52	2.29, 2.78	<.001
Urban barangay	1.45	1.27, 1.67	<.001
RHM/nurse available (full-time or part-time)	1.07	0.95, 1.20	.298
Vehicle available	3.19	3.00, 3.39	<.001
Public transportation to government BF	1.25	1.13, 1.39	<.001
Distance to the most accessible government BF, km	0.89	0.89, 0.90	<.001

Abbreviations: BF, birthing facility; CI, confidence interval; FBD, facility-based delivery; NID, noninstitutional delivery; PHP, Philippine pesos; RHM, rural health midwife.

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TABLE 4.

Details of Vehicle Availability at the Barangay Level by Ownership, in the Eastern Visaya Region, Philippines (N=4,371)

	No.	%
Barangay having a functional ambulance/vehicle
Yes	302	7.0
No	3,998	93.0
Missing	71	—
An ambulance/vehicle owned by the municipality/city/province available
Yes	2,757	64.2
No	1,538	35.8
Missing	76	—
Barangay having an agreement with private facilities to use an ambulance/vehicle
Yes	130	3.0
No	4,135	97.0
Missing	106	—
Barangay having an agreement with personal vehicle owners
Yes	84	2.0
No	4,190	98.0
Missing	97	—