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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Open Access

Negative Incentives for Noninstitutional Births Are Associated With a Higher Rate of Facility-Based Births in the Eastern Visaya Region, Philippines

Shogo Kanamori, Marcelyn D. Bonhaon and Minerva Peregrino Molon
Global Health: Science and Practice September 2021, 9(3):565-574; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00616
Shogo Kanamori
aDepartment of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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  • For correspondence: kanamori@post.harvard.edu
Marcelyn D. Bonhaon
bJapan International Cooperation Agency, Department of Health, Project for Introducing Evidence-based Relapse Prevention Programs to Drug Dependence Treatment and Rehabilitation Centers in the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
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Minerva Peregrino Molon
cDepartment of Health, Center for Development-Eastern Visayas, Palo, Leyte, Philippines.
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Figures & Tables

Tables

    • View popup
    TABLE 1.

    Distribution of Deliveries That Occurred During 2017 Among Pregnant Women Residing in 4,371 Barangays in the Eastern Visaya Region, Philippines

    ProvinceTotal DeliveriesFBD CasesNID CasesDelivery Place UnknownDelivery Place Known
    TotalFBD Rate, %
    Biliran3,4583,36580133,44597.7
    Eastern Samar7,7577,0145372067,55192.9
    Leyte31,95830,1967601,00230,95697.5
    Northern Samar10,4888,0022,03744910,03979.7
    Samar14,58511,2952,55873213,85381.5
    Southern Leyte6,1685,970441546,01499.3
    Total74,41465,8426,0162,55671,85891.6
    • Abbreviations: FBD, facility-based delivery; NID, noninstitutional delivery.

    • View popup
    TABLE 2.

    Characteristics of the 4,371 Barangays That Were Included in the Study Looking at Incentives and Institutional Deliveries in Eastern Visaya Region, Philippines, 2017

    Questionnaire ItemsNo.%
    Pregnant women receiving any incentive payment for FBDs
     Yes1,84843.2
     No2,43356.8
     Missing90—
    Existence of a local ordinance or policy supported by a written official order to prohibit NID
     Yes, nonmonetary sanction or no specific penalty88120.6
     Yes, with low cash penalty (200–1,000 PHP)1,21828.5
     Yes, with high cash penalty (1,200–10,000 PHP)1,22128.5
     No95722.4
     Missing94—
    Barangay classification
     Urban1192.7
     Rural4,25297.3
    Assignment of a full-time or part-time RHM or nurse for routine maternal care services in the barangay
     Yes3,74189.6
     No43610.4
     Missing195—
    A functional vehicle available to transport pregnant women
     Yes2,81265.9
     No1,45334.1
     Missing106—
    Public means of transport to a government BF available
     Yes3,93691.3
     No3768.7
     Missing59—
    • Abbreviations: BF, birthing facility; FBDs, facility-based deliveries; NID, noninstitutional delivery; PHP, Philippine pesos; RHM, rural health midwife.

    • View popup
    TABLE 3.

    Logistic Regression Analysis to Measure the Associations Between Facility-Based Delivery and the Characteristics of 4,371 Barangays in the Eastern Visaya Region, Philippines

    Odds Ratio95% CIP value  
    Incentive payment provided for FBD1.020.96, 1.09.563
    Ordinance to Prohibit NID
     No0.900.83, 0.98.013
     Yes, nonmonetary sanction or no specific penalty(Reference)
     Yes, with low cash penalty (200–1,000 PHP)1.371.26, 1.49<.001
     Yes, with high cash penalty (1,200–10,000 PHP)2.522.29, 2.78<.001
    Urban barangay1.451.27, 1.67<.001
    RHM/nurse available (full-time or part-time)1.070.95, 1.20.298
    Vehicle available3.193.00, 3.39<.001
    Public transportation to government BF1.251.13, 1.39<.001
    Distance to the most accessible government BF, km0.890.89, 0.90<.001
    • Abbreviations: BF, birthing facility; CI, confidence interval; FBD, facility-based delivery; NID, noninstitutional delivery; PHP, Philippine pesos; RHM, rural health midwife.

    • View popup
    TABLE 4.

    Details of Vehicle Availability at the Barangay Level by Ownership, in the Eastern Visaya Region, Philippines (N=4,371)

    No.%
    Barangay having a functional ambulance/vehicle
     Yes3027.0
     No3,99893.0
     Missing71—
    An ambulance/vehicle owned by the municipality/city/province available
     Yes2,75764.2
     No1,53835.8
     Missing76—
    Barangay having an agreement with private facilities to use an ambulance/vehicle
     Yes1303.0
     No4,13597.0
     Missing106—
    Barangay having an agreement with personal vehicle owners
     Yes842.0
     No4,19098.0
     Missing97—
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Global Health: Science and Practice: 9 (3)
Global Health: Science and Practice
Vol. 9, No. 3
September 30, 2021
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Negative Incentives for Noninstitutional Births Are Associated With a Higher Rate of Facility-Based Births in the Eastern Visaya Region, Philippines
Shogo Kanamori, Marcelyn D. Bonhaon, Minerva Peregrino Molon
Global Health: Science and Practice Sep 2021, 9 (3) 565-574; DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00616

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Negative Incentives for Noninstitutional Births Are Associated With a Higher Rate of Facility-Based Births in the Eastern Visaya Region, Philippines
Shogo Kanamori, Marcelyn D. Bonhaon, Minerva Peregrino Molon
Global Health: Science and Practice Sep 2021, 9 (3) 565-574; DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00616
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