Figures & Tables
Figures
- FIGURE 1
Bidding Process Used During Interviews With Women of Reproductive Age to Determine Willingness to Pay for One Dose of Hepatitis B Vaccine, Hanoi, Vietnam
- FIGURE 2
(a) Lorenz Curve Showing History of Hepatitis B Vaccination Among Women of Reproductive Age, Hanoi, Vietnam, by Monthly Household Income; (b) Lorenz Curve Showing Willingness to Pay for One Dose of Hepatitis B Vaccine Among Women of Reproductive Age, Hanoi, Vietnam, by Monthly Household Income
Abbreviations: HBV, hepatitis B virus; WTP, willingness to pay.
- FIGURE 3
Cumulative Percentage of Women Willing to Pay Various Amounts for Hepatitis B Vaccine, Hanoi, Vietnam, by Household Income Quintile
Tables
- TABLE 1.
Sociodemographic Characteristics of Participants in Study of Effects of Household Income on Willingness to Pay for Hepatitis B Vaccine, Hanoi, Vietnam, (n=695)
Income Quintiles Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Total P Value Total, n (%) 124 (17.8) 211 (30.4) 131 (18.9) 120 (17.3) 109 (15.7) 695 (100.0) Mean age, years 26.8 26.2 28.1 27.6 27.1 27.0 .06 Mean household monthly income, US$ 187.0 389.6 611.6 830.0 1612.8 663.2 <.01a Married, n (%) 120 (96.8) 204 (97.1) 130 (100.0) 117 (98.3) 108 (100.0) 679 (98.3) .12 Living in rural area, n (%) 107 (90.7) 151 (72.6) 42 (32.6) 25 (21.4) 14 (12.8) 339 (49.8) <.01a Having any children, n (%) 119 (96.0) 192 (91.0) 119 (90.8) 110 (91.7) 101 (92.7) 641 (92.2) .51 Education, n (%) ≤ Secondary 48 (38.7) 29 (13.7) 10 (7.6) 5 (4.2) 2 (1.8) 94 (13.5) <.01a High 51 (41.1) 85 (40.3) 40 (30.5) 20 (16.7) 19 (17.4) 215 (30.9) Vocational training 13 (10.5) 52 (24.6) 27 (20.6) 31 (25.8) 16 (14.7) 139 (20.0) University 12 (9.7) 45 (21.3) 54 (41.2) 64 (53.3) 72 (66.1) 247 (35.5) ↵a Significant at P<.05.
- TABLE 2.
Hepatitis B Vaccination Awareness, Uptake, and Willingness to Pay Among Participants in Study of Effects of Household Income on Willingness to Pay for the Vaccine, Hanoi, Vietnam, (n=695)
Characteristics Income Quintiles Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Total P Value History of Hepatitis B virus infection, n (%) 8 (6.5) 7 (3.3) 2 (2.3) 2 (1.7) 2 (1.8) 22 (3.2) .19 Awareness of Hepatitis B vaccine, n (%) 107 (86.3) 202 (95.7) 121 (92.4) 116 (96.7) 107 (98.2) 653 (94.0) <.01a Source of general vaccination information, n (%) School 6 (4.8) 11 (5.2) 6 (4.6) 5 (4.2) 8 (7.3) 36 (5.2) .84 Television 30 (24.2) 70 (33.2) 57 (43.5) 57 (47.5) 43 (39.5) 257 (37.0) <.01a Radio or loudspeaker 45 (36.3) 81 (38.4) 23 (17.6) 27 (22.5) 17 (15.6) 193 (27.8) <.01a Newspapers/magazines 16 (12.9) 36 (17.1) 41 (31.3) 38 (31.7) 28 (25.7) 159 (22.9) <.01a Internet 35 (28.2) 95 (45.0) 82 (62.6) 81 (67.5) 83 (76.2) 376 (54.1) <.01a Health workers 79 (63.7) 129 (61.1) 78 (59.5) 51 (42.5) 51 (46.8) 388 (55.8) <.01a Friends and relatives 6 (4.8) 18 (8.5) 32 (24.4) 23 (19.2) 30 (27.5) 109 (15.7) <.01a Other 8 (6.5) 13 (6.2) 2 (1.5) 5 (4.2) 2 (1.8) 30 (4.3) .13 History of Hepatitis B vaccination, n (%) 23 (18.6) 71 (33.7) 58 (44.3) 53 (44.2) 44 (40.4) 249 (35.8) <.01a Willingness to pay for Hepatitis B vaccine, n (%) 78 (62.9) 123 (58.6) 81 (61.8) 80 (67.2) 70 (64.2) 432 (62.3) .61 Maximum amount willing to pay for Hepatitis B vaccine Mean, US$ 8.0 9.8 9.9 11.0 13.2 10.3 .09 Median, US$ 5.3 6.4 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 .09 ↵a Significant at P<.05.
- TABLE 3.
Characteristics of Participants Who Were and Were Not Willing to Pay for Hepatitis B Vaccines and Reasons for Not Willing to Pay
Characteristics Not Willing to Pay Willing to Pay P Value Total, n (%) 261 (37.7) 432 (62.3) Age, mean (SD), years 27.2 (6.8) 27.0 (5.0) .92 Household monthly income, mean (SD), US$ 642.8 (550.9) 676.2 (548.6) .36 Married, n (%) 258 (98.9) 419 (97.9) .35 Living in rural area, n (%) 122 (48.8) 215 (50.1) .74 Having any children, n (%) 242 (92.7) 399 (92.4) .86 Education, n (%) ≤ Secondary 45 (17.2) 49 (11.3) .03 High 72 (27.6) 143 (33.1) Vocational training 43 (16.5) 94 (21.8) University 101 (38.7) 146 (33.8) History of hepatitis B vaccine, n (%) 10 (3.9) 12 (2.8) .44 Awareness of hepatitis B vaccine, n (%) 239 (91.6) 413 (95.6) .03 Source of general vaccination information, n (%) School 20 (7.7) 16 (3.7) .02 Television 86 (33.0) 171 (39.6) .08 Radio or loudspeaker 61 (23.4) 132 (30.6) .04 Newspapers/magazines 57 (21.8) 102 (23.6) .59 Internet 125 (47.9) 251 (58.1) <.01 Health workers 134 (51.3) 253 (58.6) .06 Friends and relatives 31 (11.9) 78 (18.1) .03 Other 9 (3.5) 20 (4.6) .45 History of hepatitis B vaccination, n (%) 91 (34.9) 158 (36.6) .65 Reasons for not being willing to pay Not necessary 118 (45.2) Unaffordable 7 (2.7) No risk of hepatitis B virus infection 48 (18.4) Already injected 43 (16.5) Others 45 (17.2) Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.
Characteristic Previous HBV vaccination WTP for HBV vaccine Amount of WTP for one dose of HBV vaccine OR 95%CI OR 95%CI Coef. 95%CI Education ≤ Secondary ref ref ref High 0.99 0.52, 1.88 1.55 0.89, 2.69 6.44a 1.95, 10.93 Vocational training 1.30 0.66, 2.58 1.51 0.81, 2.81 6.62a 1.64, 11.61 University 2.29a 1.16, 4.51 0.89 0.49, 1.62 3.17 -1.65, 7.99 Household monthly income quintiles Q1 ref ref ref Q2 1.73 0.97, 3.10 0.58a 0.35, 0.98 –1.14 -5.24, 2.96 Q3 1.87 0.96, 3.65 0.73 0.40, 1.32 0.36 -4.36, 5.08 Q4 1.56 0.78, 3.11 1.08 0.57, 2.05 1.87 -3.05, 6.80 Q5 1.28 0.62, 2.63 0.89 0.46, 1.70 3.93 -1.19, 9.05 Marital status Having spouse/partner ref ref ref Other 4.04a 1.06, 15.5 4.69 0.92, 23.89 12.29a 1.76, 22.83 Living area Urban area ref Rural area 0.70 0.46, 1.08 Source of general vaccination information School (Yes vs. No-ref) 0.33a 0.16, 0.69 -5.00 -11.03, 1.03 Magazine/Newspaper (Yes vs. No-ref) 1.49a 1.01, 2.20 Listening to radio or loudspeaker (Yes vs. No-ref) 1.46 0.99, 2.16 3.07a 0.03, 6.11 Internet (Yes vs. No-ref) 1.57a 1.09, 2.28 Medical staff (Yes vs. No-ref) 1.43a 1.01, 2.01 Friends and relatives (Yes vs. No-ref) 1.55 0.96, 2.52 3.21 -0.52, 6.94 Ever heard about HBV vaccine No ref ref Yes 4.54a 1.33, 15.49 1.65 0.79, 3.44 Abbreviations: Coeff, coefficient; CI, confidence interval; HBV, hepatitis B virus, OR, odds ratio; WTP, willingness to pay.
↵aP<.05.
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