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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Open Access

Meeting the Global Target in Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Care Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Md. Mehedi Hasan, Ricardo J. Soares Magalhaes, Saifuddin Ahmed, Sayem Ahmed, Tuhin Biswas, Yaqoot Fatima, Md. Saimul Islam, Md. Shahadut Hossain and Abdullah A. Mamun
Global Health: Science and Practice December 2020, 8(4):654-665; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00097
Md. Mehedi Hasan
aInstitute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia.
bThe Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia.
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  • For correspondence: m.m.hasan@uqconnect.edu.au
Ricardo J. Soares Magalhaes
cSpatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia.
dChildren’s Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia.
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Saifuddin Ahmed
eDepartment of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
fBill and Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Sayem Ahmed
gHealth Economics and Policy Research Group, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
hDepartment of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
iHealth Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Tuhin Biswas
aInstitute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia.
bThe Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia.
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Yaqoot Fatima
aInstitute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia.
jCentre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Mount Isa, Australia.
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Md. Saimul Islam
kDepartment of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
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Md. Shahadut Hossain
lDepartment of Statistics, College of Business & Economics, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates.
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Abdullah A. Mamun
aInstitute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia.
bThe Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia.
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  • FIGURE 1.
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    FIGURE 1.

    Progress and Projections of Composite Coverage Index in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

    Abbreviation: CCI, composite coverage index.

  • FIGURE 2.
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    FIGURE 2.

    Projected Coverage in Percentages of Composite Coverage Index in 2030 Across Countriesa

    Abbreviation: CCI, composite coverage index.a Values in parentheses represent the number of surveys of the respective country that were used in the analysis.

  • FIGURE 3.
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    FIGURE 3.

    Trends in Predicted Composite Coverage Index Across Countries by Wealth Quintiles

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    FIGURE 4.

    Projected Gaps in Composite Coverage Index Across Countries by Wealth Quintiles, Place of Residence, and Women’s/Mother’s Education and Age in 2030

    Abbreviations: NPE, no education and primary-level education; SHE, secondary or higher-level education.

  • FIGURE 5.
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    FIGURE 5.

    Average Annual Rate of Changea in Composite Coverage Index in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

    a Annual rate of change is calculated as: ln[(rate in latest year/rate in earliest year)]/(latest year − earliest year), with positive values located on the right side of the diagonal line at 0 (in X-axis) denoting an increasing rate, while negative values located on the left side of the diagonal line at 0 (in X-axis) denoting a decreasing rate.

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    TABLE.

    Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Care Services Indicators for the Composite Coverage Index

    IndicatorsDefinitionsSDG TargetTarget Used in This Study for Calculating Probability
    Prepregnancy   
    Demand for family planning satisfied with a modern method among married womenThe proportion of married women aged 15–49 years who do not want any more children or want to wait 2 or more years before having another child and are using modern contraceptionUniversal accessa≥99%
    Pregnancy   
    Antenatal care visitsThe proportion of women aged 15–49 years in the 3 years preceding the survey who received at least 4 visits from any provider or at least 1 visit from a medically trained provider (i.e., a doctor, nurse, or midwife) during their last pregnancyUniversal access≥99%
    Birth   
    Skilled attendance at birthThe proportion of livebirths assisted by a skilled health provider (i.e., a doctor, nurse, or midwife) in the 3 years preceding the surveyUniversal access≥99%
    Infancy and early childhood   
    BCG immunizationThe proportion of children aged 12–23 months who received 1 dose of the BCG vaccineUniversal access≥99%
    DPT immunizationThe proportion of children aged 12–23 months who received 3 doses of the DPT vaccineUniversal access≥99%
    Measles immunizationThe proportion of children aged 12–23 months vaccinated against measlesUniversal access≥99%
    Childhood   
    Oral rehydration therapyThe proportion of children aged 5 years or younger with diarrhea who received oral rehydration therapy (i.e., oral rehydration salts, recommended home solution, or increased fluids) in the previous 2 weeksUniversal access≥99%
    Care seeking for symptoms of acute respiratory infectionsThe proportion of children aged 5 years or younger with symptoms of acute respiratory infections for whom medical treatment was sought from an appropriate health provider in the previous 2 weeksUniversal access≥99%
    • Abbreviations: BCG, bacille Calmette-Guérin; DPT, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus; SDG, Sustainable Development Goal.

    • ↵a Universal access is 100%.

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Global Health: Science and Practice: 8 (4)
Global Health: Science and Practice
Vol. 8, No. 4
December 23, 2020
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Meeting the Global Target in Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Care Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Ricardo J. Soares Magalhaes, Saifuddin Ahmed, Sayem Ahmed, Tuhin Biswas, Yaqoot Fatima, Md. Saimul Islam, Md. Shahadut Hossain, Abdullah A. Mamun
Global Health: Science and Practice Dec 2020, 8 (4) 654-665; DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00097

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Meeting the Global Target in Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Care Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Md. Mehedi Hasan, Ricardo J. Soares Magalhaes, Saifuddin Ahmed, Sayem Ahmed, Tuhin Biswas, Yaqoot Fatima, Md. Saimul Islam, Md. Shahadut Hossain, Abdullah A. Mamun
Global Health: Science and Practice Dec 2020, 8 (4) 654-665; DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00097
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