Figures & Tables
Tables
- TABLE 1.
Composition of Focus Groups From 3 Internally Displaced Persons Camps in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Focus Group IDP Participants Location Participant Unique Identifier 1 4 men Mwangaza M1, M2, M3, M4 2 4 women Masosi F1, F2, F3, F4 3 4 men Mwangaza M5, M6, M7, M8 4 3 youth (male) Masosi Y1, Y2, Y3 5 4 men Mwangaza F5, F6, F7, F8 6 4 women Luvangira F9, F10, F11, F12 Abbreviation: IDP, internally displaced person.
- TABLE 2.
Demographics of Survey Questionnaire Respondents Selected From 3 Internally Displaced Persons Camps in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Overall(N=307) IDPs (N=164) Comparison (N=143) P Value Demographics Age [yr], median (IQR) 37 (24–55) 43 (28–58) 29 (22–45) <.0001 Sex, No. (%) .42 Male 176 (57.3) 90 (54.9) 86 (60.1) Female 131 (42.6) 74 (45.1) 57 (39.9) Education, No. (%) <.0001 None 111 (36.2) 77 (47.0) 34 (23.8) Primary 113 (36.8) 67 (40.9) 46 (32.2) Secondary or above 83 (27.0) 20 (12.2) 63 (44.1) Employment,a No. (%) <.0001 Farming 166 (54.1) 115 (70.1) 51 (35.7) Commerce/trade 20 (6.5) 1 (0.6) 19 (13.3) Health care worker 14 (4.6) 4 (2.4) 10 (7.0) Unemployed 77 (25.1) 37 (22.6) 40 (28.0) Othera 30 (9.8) 7 (4.3) 23 (16.1) Marital status, No. (%) <.0001 Single 66 (21.4) 6 (3.7) 60 (42.0) Married 182 (59.3) 113 (68.9) 69 (48.3) Married (separated) 33 (10.7) 25 (15.2) 8 (5.6) Widowed 26 (8.5) 20 (12.2) 6 (4.2) Household characteristics Household size, median (IQR) 8 (6–10) 9 (7–11) 8 (6–10) .007 Households with member aged >60 years, No. (%) 132 (43.0) 75 (45.7) 57 (40.0) .33 Household assets, No. (%) Radio 158 (51.5) 52 (31.7) 106 (74.1) <.0001 Cell phone 122 (39.7) 31 (18.9) 91 (63.6) <.0001 Bicycle 50 (16.3) 10 (6.1) 40 (28.0) <.0001 Housing, No. (%) Wood, thatch, mud materials 209 (68.8) 79 (49.1) 130 (90.9) <.0001 Brick or wood walls and iron sheet roof 27 (8.9) 16 (9.9) 13 (9.1) School building 68 (22.4) 66 (41.0) 0 Abbreviations: IDP, internally displaced person; IQR, interquartile range.
↵a Other employment included trades (mechanic, carpenter, shoemaker, tailor, mason, gardener), teacher, police officer, pastor, and taxi driver.
- TABLE 3.
Survey Questionnaire Respondents’ Knowledge on COVID-19 Among Internally Displaced Persons, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Overall (N=307) No. (%) IDPs (N=164) No. (%) Comparison (N=143) No. (%) P Value Source of information on COVID-19 Local radio 278 (90.6) 140 (85.4) 138 (96.5) .002 International radio 11 (3.6) 2 (1.2) 9 (6.3) .03 Television 12 (3.9) 1 (0.6) 11 (7.7) .002 Social media 28 (9.1) 2 (1.2) 26 (18.2) <.0001 Church 40 (13.0) 28 (17.1) 12 (8.4) .04 Friends 81 (26.4) 50 (30.5) 31 (21.7) .11 No response 4 (1.3) 4 (2.4) 0 (0) .13 Recognition of illness What are the signs and symptoms of COVID-19?a I don’t know 62 (20.2) 52 (31.7) 10 (7.0) <.0001 Feverb 70 (22.8) 43 (26.2) 27 (18.9) .16 Coughb 171 (55.7) 69 (42.1) 102 (71.3) <.0001 Difficulty breathingb 109 (35.5) 46 (28.0) 63 (44.1) .005 Sneezing 78 (25.4) 41 (25.0) 37 (25.9) .96 Nasal congestion 140 (45.6) 59 (36.0) 81 (56.7) .0004 Headache 67 (21.8) 46 (28.0) 21 (14.7) .007 Fatigue 92 (29.9) 38 (23.2) 54 (37.8) .008 Joint pain 80 (26.1) 29 (17.7) 51 (35.7) .0006 Muscle pain 27 (8.8) 16 (9.8) 11 (7.7) .66 Loss of appetite 14 (4.6) 6 (3.7) 8 (5.6) .59 Diarrhea 25 (8.1) 18 (11.0) 7 (4.9) .08 Constipationc 2 (0.7) 2 (1.2) 0 (0) .50 Bleedingb,c 25 (8.1) 14 (8.5) 11 (7.7) .95 Asymptomatic spread COVID-19 can be transmitted by someone with no symptoms.b 146 (47.6) 60 (36.6) 86 (60.1) <.0001 Misconceptions COVID-19 can be transmitted by mosquitos.b,c 125 (40.7) 67 (40.9) 58 (40.6) .19 COIVID-19 can be prevented by eating spicy food.c 21 (6.8) 11 (6.7) 10 (7.0) .90 Sufficient knowledge of COVID-19 Knew key symptoms, did not endorse misconceptions 79 (25.7) 24 (14.6) 55 (38.5) <.0001 Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease; IDP, internally displaced person.
↵a If participant answered “I don't know,” no further symptoms were solicited. Otherwise, multiple answers were allowed.
↵b Used to assess sufficient knowledge of COVID-19.
↵c Number (percentage) of participants who erroneously endorsed these incorrect signs, symptoms, or statements.
- TABLE 4.
Survey Questionnaire Respondents’ Attitudesa Toward COVID-19 Among Internally Displaced Persons, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Overall (N=307) No. (%) IDPs (N=164) No. (%) Comparison (N=143) No. (%) P Value Affective response COVID-19 is a serious illness. 301 (98.0) 163 (99.4) 138 (96.5) .03 I am afraid of COVID-19. 300 (97.8) 161 (98.2) 139 (97.2) .08 Reaction to control measures Physical distancing is important to prevent COVID-19. 278 (90.6) 146 (89.0) 132 (92.3) .42 People should be willing to give up their daily duties to stop the spread of COVID-19. 243 (79.2) 120 (73.2) 123 (86.0) .14 Disinformation It is hard to distinguish which information I hear about COVID-19 is true, false, or just a rumour. 244 (79.5) 126 (76.8) 118 (82.5) .61 Institutional trust I trust the government. 207 (67.4) 117 (71.3) 90 (62.9) .09 There is a lot of corruption in the government. 123 (40.1) 70 (42.7) 53 (37.1) .53 Rumors COVID-19 was created in a Chinese laboratory. 58 (18.9) 31 (18.9) 27 (18.9) .88 COVID-19 is a conspiracy created to vaccinate everybody. 37 (12.1) 13 (7.9) 24 (16.8) .03 Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease; IDP, internally displaced person.
↵a Participants were asked to rank agreement with the statements on a 5-point Likert scale, with possible answers “strongly agree,” “agree,” “neutral,” “disagree,” “strongly disagree,” or “I don't know.” Numbers are n (%) of participants who agreed or strongly agreed with the statements.
- TABLE 5.
Survey Questionnaire Respondents’ Practices With Respect to COVID-19 Prevention Among Internally Displaced Persons, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Overall (N=307) No. (%) IDPs (N=164) No. (%) Comparison (N=143) No. (%) P Value Prevention practices In the past 2 weeks, have you done anything to protect yourself from COVID-19? No 137 (44.6) 77 (47.0) 60 (42.0) Yes 168 (54.7) 85 (51.8) 83 (58.0) .39 If so, what?a Wash hands 149 (88.6) 78 (91.7) 71 (85.5) .30 Stay >2 m from others 75 (44.6) 35 (41.2) 40 (48.2) .45 Avoid touching face 38 (22.6) 24 (28.2) 14 (16.8) .11 Stay home 31 (18.5) 10 (11.8) 21 (25.3) .04 Use disinfectant 10 (6.0) 6 (7.1) 4 (4.8) .75 Wear mask 8 (4.8) 3 (3.5) 5 (6.0) .49 Take medicines without prescription 2 (1.2) 2 (2.4) 0 (0) .50 Change diet 1 (0.6) 1 (1.2) 0 (0) >.99 Physical distancing Apart from family, have you come in close (<2 m) contact with anyone in the past 24 hours? Yes 195 (63.5) 115 (70.1) 80 (55.9) .01 How many people did you shake hands with in the past 24 hours (not counting family members)? 0 155 (50.5) 77 (47.0) 78 (54.5) 1 to 5 71 (23.1) 31 (18.9) 40 (28.0) .02 >5 81 (26.4) 56 (34.1) 25 (17.5) Barriers to prevention What has prevented you from fully protecting yourself from COVID-19? Lack of soap 243 (79.2) 150 (91.5) 93 (65.0) <.0001 Lack of water 193 (62.9) 110 (67.1) 83 (58.0) .11 Insufficient income 67 (21.8) 32 (19.5) 35 (24.5) .38 Lack of masks 55 (17.9) 25 (15.2) 30 (21.0) .26 Lack of information 51 (16.6) 24 (14.6) 27 (18.9) .41 Lack of disinfectant 46 (15.0) 21 (12.8) 25 (17.5) .34 Lack of availability of these items 31 (10.1) 18 (11.0) 13 (9.1) .71 High prices of these items in the market 46 (15.0) 15 (9.2) 31 (21.7) .004 Lack gloves 18 (5.9) 11 (6.7) 7 (4.9) .66 I can fully protect myself against COVID-19 28 (9.2) 7 (4.3) 21 (14.7) .003 Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease; IDP, internally displaced person.
↵a Among respondents who had done something to protect against COVID-19.