Factors That Influence Data Use to Improve Health Service Delivery in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

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FIGURE.
Screening Process Used for Systematic Literature Review of Evidence on Use of Health Service Delivery Data at the Primary Care Level in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

TABLE 1.

Summary of Content Analysis on Factors That Influence Data Use To Improve Health Service Delivery in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Reference and Location	Peer-Reviewed Literature Analysis									Gray Literature Analysis
Reference and Location	Leadership	Participatory Monitoring	Presentation of Findings	Data Quality	Qualitative Data	Electronic HMIS	Organizational Structure	Contextual Factors	PBF	Regular Review^a	Training^a
Peer-reviewed literature analysis
Björkman and Svensson³⁷ – Uganda		X
Chukwuani et al³² – Enugu State, Nigeria					X
Edward et al³³ – Afghanistan	X		X
Edward et al³⁹ – Afghanistan		X	X
Holvoet and Inberg³⁸ – Rwanda and Uganda	X			X			X		X	X
Jacobs et al⁴⁰ – Kirivong Operational Health District, south east Cambodia	X								X
Kananura et al⁴¹ – 3 districts in eastern Uganda	X	X			X			X		X
Khim et al³⁴ – Cambodia	X							X
Krishnan et al³⁵ – Ballabgarh, India						X				X
Nutley et al⁴² – Kenya			X	X
Nutley et al³⁶ – Côte d’Ivoire		X		X		X	X			X	X
Wagenaar et al⁴³ – Mozambique, Rwanda, and Zambia		X		X			X
Gray literature analysis
Afe et al⁴⁴ – Nigeria	X			X		X		X			X
Anasel et al⁴⁶ – Tanzania	X	X		X		X					X
Li et al⁴⁵ – Tanzania	X									X	X
MEASURE Evaluation⁴⁷ – Mali						X
MEASURE Evaluation⁴⁸ – Kenya	X	X	X							X	X
Millar et al⁴⁹ – Kenya			X			X				X

Abbreviations: HMIS, Health Management Information System; PBF, performance-based financing.
↵a Identified as potential factors following gray literature analysis.

TABLE 2.

Classification of Influential Factors on Data Use to Improve Health Service Delivery

Governance	Production of Information	Health Information System Resources
Leadership Participatory monitoring Regular review^a	Presentation of findings Data quality Qualitative data	Electronic HMIS Organizational structure Training (in data use)^a