Figures & Tables
Figures
- FIGURE 1.
Number of Implanon Users Surveyed in Ethiopia, by Region
Abbreviation: SNNPR, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region.
Tables
- TABLE 1.
Demographic Characteristics of Study Participants by Provider That Inserted Implanona
HEW
(n=1,346)Other Health Provider
(n=514)Total
(N=1,860)P-value Ageb .0017 18–24 166 (12.3) 86 (18.0) 252 (14.4) 25–34 704 (57.3) 283 (50.7) 987 (54.8) 35–44 397 (27.2) 133 (30.5) 530 (28.5) 45–49 76 (3.2) 12 (0.8) 88 (2.3) Level of education .0012 No education 807 (60.3) 214 (46.0) 1,021 (55.0) Read and write 82 (6.2) 25 (4.7) 107 (5.6) Primary 374 (28.2) 187 (38.9) 561 (32.2) Secondary 80 (5.0) 71 (8.6) 151 (6.4) Tertiary 3 (0.3) 17 (1.8) 20 (0.8) Religionc .84 Orthodox 712 (42.0) 244 (36.2) 956 (39.8) Protestant 328 (37.7) 123 (36.8) 451 (37.4) Muslim 276 (18.5) 136 (23.7) 412 (20.5) Catholic/other 30 (1.8) 11 (3.3) 41 (2.4) Marital status <.001 Married 1,219 (93.1) 443 (85.7) 1,662 (90.3) Divorced/widowed/separated 110 (5.5) 59 (10.3) 169 (7.3) Never married 17 (1.4) 12 (4.0) 29 (2.4) Employment statusd .42 Farm work 844 (54.7) 225 (67.3) 1,069 (59.4) Housewife 266 (27.1) 109 (14.0) 375 (22.2) Merchant 162 (10.9) 100 (10.9) 262 (10.9) Public servant/other/student/not employed 74 (7.3) 80 (7.9) 154 (7.5) Region .0059 Tigray 379 (10.5) 101 (12.7) 480 (11.3) Oromia 274 (24.8) 235 (63.7) 509 (39.4) Amhara 304 (18.4) 96 (5.5) 400 (13.5) SNNPR 389 (46.4) 82 (18.1) 471 (35.8) Contraceptive method(s) currently usinge None 511 (39.7) 152 (20.1) 663 (32.3) <.001 Implanon 332 (25.0) 176 (49.1) 508 (34.0) <.001 Other implant 15 (2.0) 7 (1.8) 22 (1.9) .94 Injectable 432 (28.8) 145 (24.3) 577 (27.1) .53 Pills 24 (1.9) 23 (3.4) 47 (2.5) .35 IUD 26 (2.1) 9 (1.1) 35 (1.8) .36 Condom/calendar/other 7 (0.6) 4 (0.2) 11 (0.4) .13 Abbreviations: HEW, health extension worker; IUD, intrauterine device; SNNPR, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region.
↵a Frequencies and weighted percentages reported.
↵b Three people missing age (all in HEW group).
↵c Other religion includes Traditional religion (“Wakefeta”) and “Jesus only” (“Hawariyat”).
↵d Other employment includes day laborer, construction worker, maid/janitor, and self-employed.
↵e Respondents could choose more than one method of family planning. Other methods include Sino-implant and female sterilization.
- TABLE 2.
Characteristics of Implanon Insertion Experience and Use by Provider That Inserted Implanona
HEW
(n=1,346)Other Health Provider
(n=514)Total
(N=1,860)P-value Informed about possible side effects of Implanon .61 Yes 1,026 (76.8) 404 (77.3) 1,430 (77.0) No 300 (21.9) 105 (22.2) 405 (22.0) Can’t remember/no response 20 (1.3) 5 (0.5) 25 (1.0) Told when Implanon should be removed .46 Yes 1,276 (95.0) 490 (96.5) 1,766 (95.6) No 61 (4.1) 21 (3.2) 82 (3.7) Can’t remember/no response 9 (0.9) 3 (0.3) 12 (0.7) Advised where they could get Implanon removed .021 Yes 1,230 (93.0) 482 (93.1) 1,712 (93.1) No 105 (6.2) 31 (6.9) 136 (6.5) Can’t remember/no response 11 (0.7) 1 (0.0) 12 (0.4) Duration of Implanon useb .0010 <1 year 30 (1.7) 19 (2.0) 49 (1.8) 1 year to <3 years 251 (16.7) 100 (14.7) 351 (16.0) 3 years 781 (55.3) 311 (70.9) 1092 (61.1) >3 yearsc 284 (26.3) 84 (12.4) 368 (21.1) - TABLE 3.
Multivariate Logistic Regression Model for the Association Between Health Provider Who Inserted Implant and Keeping Implant for Longer Than 3 Yearsa (N=1,860)
OR (95% CI) Health extension worker (ref: other health worker) 2.50c (1.19, 5.24) Client Age, years (ref: 25–34) 18–24 1.46 (0.58, 3.68) 35–44 1.20 (0.83, 1.72) 45–49 1.16 (0.58, 2.31) Literate/any education (ref: illiterate/no education) 0.73b (0.54, 1.00) Married (ref: unmarried) 0.55b (0.39, 0.79) Orthodox (ref: any other religion) 1.07 (0.54, 2.12) Region (ref: Tigray) SNNPR 2.74c (1.40, 5.35) Oromia 2.25 (0.86, 5.90) Amhara 1.68 (0.64, 4.44) Reported distance to facility/transportation as a barrier 3.31c (1.61, 6.78) - TABLE 4.
Adjusteda Odds Ratios Comparing Health Extension Workers and Other Health Workers for the Association Between Exposure Variable and Keeping Implant for 3 Years or Longer (N=1,860)
Exposure Adjusted ORb,c(95% CI) Age 18–24 0.65 (0.17, 2.53) 25–34 2.45 (0.82, 7.36) 35–44 6.17d (2.31, 16.48) 45–49 0.74 (0.10, 5.97) Religion Orthodox religion 0.87 (0.43, 1.78) Any other religion 3.08e (1.07, 8.82) Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
↵a Odds ratio adjusted for age, education, marital status, religion, region, and facility/transport barriers.
↵b Odds ratios shown for each subgroup to interpret significant interaction effects.
↵c Only covariates with significant interactions shown.
↵d P<.001.
↵e P<.05.
HEW Other Health Provider Total P-value Removal at or before 3 years n=1,062 n=430 n=1,492 No barriers 868 (83.9) 368 (90.0) 1,236 (86.4) .029 Service provider unavailable day of visit 47 (3.9) 16 (3.7) 63 (3.8) .88 Service provider unable to provide removalb 15 (1.8) 4 (0.2) 19 (1.1) <.001 Service provider refused to provide removal 59 (5.7) 21 (2.4) 80 (4.3) .015 Distance to facility/transportation 72 (4.8) 12 (2.1) 84 (3.6) .020 Other barriersc 20 (1.9) 13 (0.9) 33 (2.0) .90 Removal more than 3 years after insertion/still inserted n=284 n=84 n=368 No barriers 110 (38.7) 38 (34.6) 148 (37.8) .61 Forgot or did not know removal date 89 (32.6) 29 (31.4) 118 (32.3) .88 Service provider unavailable day of visit 80 (28.1) 15 (25.6) 95 (27.6) .67 Service provider unable to provide removalb 18 (5.8) 5 (4.6) 23 (5.6) .76 Service provider refused to provide removal 16 (3.8) 7 (6.2) 23 (4.3) .39 Distance to facility/transportation 43 (11.8) 2 (9.9) 45 (11.4) .83 Other barriersc 61 (26.7) 23 (32.9) 84 (28.1) .50
