The Bangladeshi Association for Life Skills, Income, and Knowledge for Adolescents (BALIKA),18 2013–2015 | Bangladesh, rural | Randomized control trial Aims: Delay marriage among adolescent girls by offering skills-building approaches aimed at empowering girls in 3 Bangladesh communities with highest child marriage rates: Khulna, Satkhira, and Narail | Girls: 12–18 years old, in and out of school, unmarried Mentors: Local, young, slightly older than participants | Met weekly, 2–3 hours, 18 months’ duration Topics: Education arm: math and English tutoring (in-school girls), computing or financial training (out-of-school girls) Gender-rights arm: Life skills training on gender rights and negotiation, critical thinking, and decision making Livelihoods skills training arm: Training in computers, entrepreneurship, mobile phone servicing, photography, and basic first aid All arms: Community engagement activities, basic life skills, exposure to using computers and tablets | Sample size: 7,452 intervention (2,516 education arm, 2,460 gender awareness arm, 2,476 livelihoods arm), 2,530 control/comparison Effects: Increased health service utilization Increased menstrual hygiene management Reduced child marriage Improved numeracy skills Increased school retention Increased school enrollment Reduced need for tutoring Increased social support Increased employment Increased HIV knowledge Increased RH knowledge Increased STI knowledge Improved attitudes toward child marriage Improved attitudes toward GBV Reduced dowry payments Increased contraceptive use Increased mobility Reduced experience of gender discrimination Increased menstrual regulation knowledge Increased awareness of marital-related rights Changed perception of gender roles and norms |
Empowerment and Livelihoods for Adolescents (ELA): Bangladesh,19 2005–2007 | Bangladesh, rural | Quasi-experimental Aims: Assess program’s usefulness in terms of delaying age of marriage, keeping girls enrolled in school, enhancing sociability, and increasing mobility and awareness about health issues | Girls: 10–24 years old, in and out of school, married and unmarried Mentors: BRAC program supervisor | 30 girls, met weekly, 2–3 hours Topics: Health, life skills training, microfinance, girls' rights, books, games | Sample size: 322 intervention, 242 control/ comparison Effects: Increased mobility Increased social support Increased earnings Increased savings amount Increased financial literacy |
Growing Up Safe & Healthy,20 2012–2013 | Bangladesh, urban | Randomized control trial Aims: Improve sexual and RH and rights, reduce intimate-partner violence among women and girls in urban slums, reduce child marriage | Girls: 10–35 years old, in and out of school, married (15–29-years old) and unmarried (10–14 years old) Mentors: Observed leadership qualities, rapport with community, willingness to work on campaign activities | 15 girls, 20 months’ duration Topics: Life skills training, legal rights/GBV, referrals to health or legal services Also included: Boys/young men engagement | Sample size: 2,656 interventionb (1,910 female [15-19 years old], 746 male [18–24 years old]),1287 control/comparisonb (952 female [15–19 years old], 335 male [18–24 years old]) Effects: Decreased experience of physical violence Decreased experience of sexual violence Reduced child marriage |
Kishori Abhijan,21 2001–2003 | Bangladesh, rural | Quasi-experimental Aims: Promote a gender-equitable environment where girls can broaden their choices, participate in empowering social and economic processes, and realize their potential as agents for social change | Girls: 10–19 years old, in and out of school, married and unmarried Mentors: Employed at BRAC or Center for Mass Education and Science, demonstrated experience and capacity working with adolescent girls | Group characteristics information was not specified Topics: Life skills training, legal rights, gender, economic empowerment (savings accounts, credit access) | Sample size: 1,901 intervention, 310 control/ comparison Effects: Increased employment Reduced child marriage Increased school retention Reduced dowry practices |
Ishraq,22–25 2001–2013 | Egypt, rural | Quasi-experimental Aims: Create safe spaces where out-of- school girls can learn, play, and build self-confidence, improve out- of-school girls' knowledge and attitudes regarding transitions to adulthood (e.g., early marriage, RH, and education) | Girls: 13–15 years old (pilot), 11–15 years old (scale-up), out of school (both phases) Mentors: Local, at least secondary school education | 30 girls, met 4 days/week, 4 hours, pilot for 30 months, scale-up for 20 months duration Topics: Life skills training, sports, livelihoods training, domestic skills, legal rights, IDs/ official documentation, financial education, nutrition Also included: Boys/young men engagement | Sample size: Pilot: 453 intervention, 134 control/comparison Scale-up: 1,321 intervention, 539 control/comparison Effects: Decreased female genital mutilation/cuttingc Improved numeracy skills Improved literacy skills Increased self-efficacy to assert opinions and concerns Increased RH knowledge Improved attitudes toward child marriage Improved attitudes toward family sizes Improved attitudes toward female genital mutilation/cutting Changed perception of gender roles and norms Increased health service utilization Increased mobility Improved self-esteem Improved attitudes toward GBV Improved beliefs regarding girls' education |
Berhane Hewan,26 2004–2006 | Ethiopia, rural | Quasi-experimental Aims: Improve educational attainment, RH knowledge, contraceptive use, and age at first marriage | Girls: 10–19 years old, in and out of school, married and unmarried Mentors: 10th grade education | 15–20 girls, unmarried girls met 5 days/week, married girls met weekly Topics: Nonformal education, livelihoods training, referrals to RH services | Sample size: 650 interventionb, 736 control/ comparisonb Effects: Increased contraceptive use Reduced child marriage Increased school enrollment Increased HIV knowledge Increased awareness of sexual and RH and HIV/AIDS Increased STI knowledge Improved literacy skills Increased grade attainment |
Biruh Tesfa,27–29 2006–2016 | Ethiopia, urban | Quasi-experimental Aims: Increase social networks and support to poorest, most marginalized girls in poorest urban areas of Ethiopia; improve girls’ knowledge and skills to prevent HIV | Girls: 7–18 years old, out of school, married and unmarried Mentors: Adult women from the community | Met 5 days/week, 2 hours, 38 sessions Topics: Life skills, HIV counseling and treatment, financial literacy, vouchers for health care, school materials | Sample size: Gondar: 767 intervention,b 405 control/ comparisonb Addis Ababa: 630 intervention, 646 control/comparison Effects: Increased health service utilization Improved numeracy skills Improved literacy skills Increased school enrollment Increased social support Increased HIV knowledge Increased demand for health services Increased HIV testing Increased grade attainment |
Better Life Options,30 2006–2008 | India, rural | Quasi-experimental Aims: Enhance girls' awareness of sexual and RH matters; build agency in terms of mobility, decision making, and sense of self-worth; foster egalitarian gender role attitudes; develop vocational skills and future work aspirations; influence perceptions about marriage and their ability to negotiate marriage- related decisions and success in delaying marriage and first pregnancy | Girls: 13–17 years old, in and out of school, unmarried Mentors: Young, educated, articulate, local, can manage big groups | 15–20 girls, met almost daily, 2 hours, 6–9 months’ duration Topics: Life skills training, livelihoods, sports | Sample size: 810 intervention, 228 control Effects: Increased mobility Increased number of savings accounts (formal & informal) Increased HIV knowledge Increased STI knowledge Increased awareness of marital-related rights Improved attitudes toward child marriage Changed perception of gender roles and norms Reduced child marriage Increased self-efficacy to assert opinions and concerns Increased RH knowledge Increased awareness of sexual and RH and HIV |
First-time Parents Project,31 2003–2004 | India, rural | Quasi-experimental Aims: Develop and test integrated package of health and social interventions to improve married young women's reproductive and sexual health knowledge and practices, enhance their ability to act in their own interest, and expand their social support networks | Girls: Mean age 19.4 years old, in- school status not reported, only years of schooling completed, married Mentors: Staff of Child In Need Institute or Deepak Charitable Trust | 8–12 girls, met monthly, 2–3 hours Topics: Legal literacy, vocational training, savings and credit management, pregnancy, gender, spousal relationships Also included: Access and quality improvements of health services | Sample size: Diamond Harbour: 403 intervention, 259 control Effects: Increased self-efficacy to assert opinions and concerns Increased social support Increased STI knowledge Changed perception of gender roles and norms Increased contraceptive use Increased mobility Improved attitudes toward GBV |
Promoting Change in Reproductive Behavior in Bihar (PRACHAR),32–36 2001–2004 | India, rural | Quasi-experimental Aims: Change beliefs of people 12–24 years old about RH/FP, challenge traditional behavior patterns of early childbearing and inadequate spacing between children, and promote informed and healthy reproductive behavior; change parents’ beliefs and influential community adults about RH/FP, provide knowledge to discourage early marriage of daughters, curb pressure on young couples for early childbearing, and encourage adequate spacing of subsequent children; increase use of contraceptives among young married couples, particularly to delay first child until mother is mature, and to space subsequent births by at least 3–5 years | Girls: 15–24 years old, in and out of school, married and unmarried Mentors: Semi-literate, known and respected by community members | 30 girls, Phase 1 duration: 21 months (Patna) 24 months (Nawada) 27 months (Nalanda) Phase 2 duration: Not specified Phase 3 duration: 7 months Topics: Sexual and RH, nutrition, spousal negotiation, gender norms Also included: Boys/young men engagement, access and quality improvements of health services | Sample size: Phase 3: 2,171 intervention (1,382 female, 789 male), 1,050 control/ comparison (679 female, 371 male) Effects: Increased contraceptive use Increased grade attainment Increased mobility Increased self-efficacy to assert opinions and concerns Increased autonomy when searching for a job Increased number of savings accounts (formal & informal) Increased HIV knowledge Increased RH knowledge Increased menstrual regulation knowledge Increased awareness of marital-related rights Improved attitudes toward child marriage Improved attitudes toward early pregnancy Increased demand for health services Changed perceptions of gender roles and norms Reduced child marriage Delayed pregnancy |
Improving Learning Outcomes and Transition to Secondary School Study,37 2013–2015 | Kenya, urban | Quasi-experimental Aims: Promote access to and improve the quality of secondary education among girls who live in informal urban settlements | Girls: 12–19 years old, in school Mentors: 21–40 years old, completed secondary school | 230 after-school sessions, 34 life skills sessions Topics: Life skills training, homework support on numeracy and literacy | Sample size: 855 intervention, 416 control/comparison Effects: Improved numeracy skills Improved literacy skills |
Nyeri Youth Health Project,38 1998–2000 | Kenya, urban and rural | Quasi-experimental Aims: Delay sexual debut among sexually inexperienced youth, prevent negative sexual health outcomes among sexually experienced youth, create RH information and service environment that was responsive to information and service needs of young people | Girls: 10–24 years old, in and out of school, unmarried Mentors: Local, respected, well-known adults and young parents | Met weekly, 90–120 minutes, 4–8 weeks’ duration Topics: Life skills training | Sample size: 2,504 interventionb (1,220 female, 1,284 male),905 controlb (472 female, 443 male) Effects: Decreased number of sex partners Increased secondary abstinence Increased self-efficacy to assert opinions and concerns Increased condom use Delayed sexual debut |
Safe and Smart Savings,39 2008–2010 | Kenya, urban | Quasi-experimental Aims: Develop, pilot test, and roll-out individual savings accounts to girls belonging to girls' groups Program evaluation aims: Understand the social, economic, and health effects of participating in program activities | Girls: 10–19 years old, in and out of school, unmarried Mentors: Young women from community | 15–25 girls, met weekly, 30–90 minutes, 16 sessions Topics: Financial education, RH information | Sample size: 615 intervention, 284 control/comparison Effects: Increased mobility Increased autonomy when job searching Increased social support Increased number of savings accounts (formal and informal) Decreased experience of sexual violence |
Tap and Reposition Youth,40 2001–2004 | Kenya, urban | Quasi-experimental Aims: Reduce adolescents’ vulnerabilities to adverse social and RH outcomes by improving their livelihood options | Girls: 16–22 years old, out of school, married and unmarried Mentors: Must have worked in a profession related to counseling, social work, business, health care, community development, or business | 15–25 girls, met weekly, 1–2 hours, 36 months’ duration Topics: Loan policies and procedures, business advice, gender issues, team building, adolescent RH, life skills, HIV/AIDS | Sample size: 222 intervention, 222 control/comparison Effects: Increased earnings Increased number of savings accounts (formal and informal) Increased household assets Increased self-efficacy regarding condom use Increased HIV knowledge Increased condom use Increased savings amount Increased RH knowledge Increased STI knowledge Improved attitudes toward girls' economic empowerment Improved attitudes toward GBV |
iCuídate! Promueve tu Salud (Take Care of Yourself! Promote Your Health),41 2002–2004 | Mexico, urban | Randomized control trial Aims: Increase use of condoms and other contraceptives, decrease risky sexual behaviors of Mexican youth | Girls: 13–17 years old, in school Mentors: Trained | 6–8 girls, met weekly, 6 hours, 2 consecutive Saturdays Topics: HIV/AIDS, health promotion, exercise, nutrition, substance abuse Also included: Boys/young men engagement | Sample size: 394 intervention,d 314control/comparisond Effects: Increased condom use Increased contraceptive use Delayed sexual debut |
Choices,42,43 2010 | Nepal, rural | Quasi-experimental Aims: Improve gender equity among very young adolescents | Girls: 10–14 years old, in school, unmarried Mentors: 18–24 years old, graduate of the clubs, community members | Met weekly, 2 hours, 3 months’ duration Topic: Gender norms Also included: Boys/young men engagement | Sample size: 309 intervention (148 female, 161 male), 294 control/comparison (135 female, 159 male) Effects: Improved attitudes toward GBV Improved beliefs regarding girls' education Changed perception of gender roles and norms |
Networks of Hope,44 2012–2014 | South Africa, rural | Randomized control trial Aims: For psychological intervention, mitigate mental health problems; for behavioral intervention, build participants' HIV knowledge and related skills; Both interventions were situated within broader OVC program offering educational and economic support to adolescents and their families | Girls: 14–17 years old; enrolled in OVC programming Mentors: Trained lay adult (for psychological intervention), trained young adult from community (for behavioral intervention) | 18 girls, met weekly, 60–90 minutes, 13–16 weeks’ duration Topics: Life skills training, group therapy Also included: Boys/young men engagement, access and quality improvements of health services | Sample size: 785 intervention (375 female, 410 male), 229 control/comparison (110 female, 119 male) Effects: Increased condom use Decreased number of sex partners Delayed sexual debut |
Siyakha Nentsha,45 2008–2012 | South Africa, rural | Quasi-experimental Aims: Powered to detect increased number of participants who save money and knowledge of government social grants, decrease social exclusion, increase interaction with formal financial institutions, improve HIV- prevention behaviors | Girls: Grade 10-11, in school Mentors: 20–24 years old, recent secondary school graduates, local | Met 2–3 days/week, 1 hour, 2 years’ duration Topics: Life skills training, nutrition, rights, financial literacy, job readiness Also included: Boys/young men engagement | Sample size: 359 femalee, 356 malee Effects: Increased social support Increased number of savings accounts (formal and informal) Decreased number of sex partners |
Stepping Stones,46,47 2003–2006 | South Africa, rural | Randomized control trial Aims: Reduce incidence of HIV and HSV-2 and improve sexual practices among youth in South Africa's rural Eastern Cape Province | Girls: 16–26 years old, in and out of school Mentors: Same age or slightly older than girls, had post-school qualification, open-minded and gender sensitive | 3 hours, 6–8 weeks’ duration Topics: Life skills training,GBV, HIV counseling/ treatment, comprehensive sex education Also included: Boys/young men engagement | Sample size: 1,409 intervention (715 female, 694 male), 1,367 control/comparison (701 female, 666 male) Effects: Decreased HSV-2 incidenceDecreased HIV incidence Decreased pregnancies Decreased experience of physical violence Decreased negative mental health outcomes Decreased experience of sexual violence Decreased transactional sex Increased condom use Decreased number of sex partners Reduced drugs or alcohol misuse |
Adolescent Development Program,48 2009–2011 | Tanzania, urban and rural | Randomized control trial Aims: Improve human capital and financial market participation of young women by providing vocational training and information on sex, reproduction, and marriage | Girls: 14–20 years old, in and out of school, married and unmarried Mentors: Adolescent leader from same community, few years older than girls | Met 5 days/week, 2 hours Topics: Sexual and RH, Life skills training, ivelihood training, microfinance/ microcredit, laws and rights | Sample size:3,179f Effects: Increased number of savings accounts (formal and informal) Changed perception of gender roles and norms Decreased pregnancies Reduced STI symptoms Decreased experience of sexual violence Increased condom use Delayed sexual debut Reduced child marriage Increased school retention Increased employment Increased earnings Increased savings amount Increased HIV knowledge Improved attitudes toward child marriage Improved attitudes toward family sizes |
Mabinti Tushike Hatamu!,49 2012–2015 | Tanzania, urban and rural | Quasi-experimental Aims: Reduce adolescent girls’ vulnerability to HIV, pregnancy, and violence | Girls: 10–19 years old, out of school, married and unmarried Mentors: 19–23 years old, similar to participants, recruited by local government or advertisement | 10–15 girls, met 1–2 days/week, 32 months’ duration Topics: Life skills, income-generating activities, GBV education, education | Sample size: 291 intervention, 357 control/comparison Effects: Increased condom use Increased health service utilization Increased utilization of violence treatment, support, and/or prevention services Increased vocational training Increased self-efficacy to assert opinions and concerns Increased social support Increased employment Increased RH knowledge Decreased negative mental health outcomes Increased contraceptive use Decreased number of sex partners Delayed sexual debut Increased mobility Improved self-esteem Increased financial literacy |
Young Citizens Program,50 2004–2005 | Tanzania, urban | Randomized control trial Aims: Increase youth participants' competencies so that they can plan and implement integrated health promotion activities that educate their communities and encourage them to take action toward HIV/AIDS prevention, testing, and treatment | Girls: 9–14 years old, in and out of school Mentors: Young adults, completed secondary school, previous experience in youth-related HIV activities | Met weekly, 2–3 hours, 28 weeks’ duration Topics: Social ecology, citizenship, community health, HIV/AIDS knowledge Also included: Boys/young men engagement | Sample size: 313 intervention,g 300 control/ comparisong Effects: Increased self-efficacy to assert opinions and concerns |
Empowerment and Livelihoods for Adolescents: Uganda,51 2008–2010 | Uganda, urban and rural | Randomized control trial Aims: Bolster girls’ cognitive and noncognitive skills with: vocational skills training to enable adolescent girls to start small-scale income generating activities, life skills to build knowledge and reduce risky behaviors | Girls: 14–20 years old, in and out of school, married and unmarried Mentors: From community, slightly older than target girl population | Met 5 days/week, 2 years’ duration Topics: Life skills training, sexual and RH, vocational training, financial literacy | Sample size: 3,964 intervention, 2,002 control/comparison Effects: Decreased experience of sexual violence Decreased pregnancies Increased condom use Reduced child marriage Increased employment Increased monthly expenditures Increased HIV knowledge Increased RH knowledge Improved attitudes toward child marriage Improved attitudes toward early pregnancy Improved attitudes toward family sizes Changed perception of gender roles and norms Reduced STI symptoms Increased contraceptive use Increased health service utilization Increased school enrollment Increased earnings |
Safe and Smart Savings,39,52 2009–2011 | Uganda, urban | Quasi-experimental Aims: Develop, pilot test, and roll-out individual savings accounts to girls belonging to girls'groups Program evaluation aims: Understand the social, economic, and health effects of participating in program activities | Girls: 10–19 years old, in and out of school, unmarried Mentors: 20–35 years old, reside in same community as girls in group, interest in working with vulnerable adolescent girls | 15–25 girls, met weekly, 30–90 minutes, 16 sessions Topics: Financial education, RH information | Sample size: 750 intervention, 312 control/comparison Effects: Increased number of savings accounts (formal and informal) Increased HIV knowledge Improved attitudes toward GBV Increased HIV testing Increased mobility Increased autonomy when job searching Increased social support Decreased experience of sexual violence |
Suubi Project,53–58 2005–2016 | Uganda, rural | Randomized control trial Aims: Suubi: Improve health, mental health, and life chances of AIDS-orphaned adolescents through microfinance and economic empowerment Suubi-Maka: Improve orphaned adolescents' attitudes toward HIV- preventive practices and future cash savings over time, as well as increase their cash savings Suubi+Bridges: Develop ability to identify future goals and educational aspirations by building their self- esteem; Improve school attendance and grades, encourage hopefulness, enhance safe sex decision making, and decrease sexual risk-taking behavior | Girls: 11–17 years old, in school, unmarried Mentors: University students, tried to recruit graduates of program | 7 girls maximum Suubi: Monthly, 1–2 hours, 12 sessions Suubi-Maka: Not specified Suubi+Bridges: Monthly, 1 hour, 9 months’ duration Topics: Child savings accounts, financial literacy, asset building, life skills, HIV prevention Also included: Boys/young men engagement | Sample size: Suubi: 135 intervention (82 female, 53 male), 142 control/comparison (75 female, 67 male) Suubi-Maka:179 intervention (117 female, 62 male), 167 control/comparison (108 female, 59 male) Suubi+Bridges: 913 intervention (398 female, 515 male), 497 control/comparison (228 female, 269 male) Effects: Improved self-rated health Improved self-esteem Increased savings amount Increased HIV knowledge Affected their perceived vulnerability to HIV/AIDS Increased concerns about unprotected sex Improved attitudes toward girls' economic empowerment |
Exploring the World of Adolescents,59 2006 | Vietnam, urban and rural | Randomized control trial Aims: Increase knowledge about HIV, STIs, and pregnancy and contraceptives; improve perceptions related to condom use and abstinence; increase condom use response efficacy; decrease intention to engage in sex in the next 3 months | Girls: 15–20 years old, in and out of school, unmarried Mentors: Trained, from the community | 10 girls, met weekly for 2 hours, 10 sessions Topic: Life skills training Also included: Boys/young men engagement, access and quality improvements of health services | Sample size: 281 intervention (149 female,132 male), 317 control/comparison (167 female, 150 male) Effects: Increased HIV knowledge Increased RH knowledge Increased STI knowledge |
Focus on Kids,59,60 2001–2003 | Vietnam, urban and rural | Randomized control trial Aims: Increase knowledge about HIV, STIs, and pregnancy and contraceptives; improve perceptions related to condom use and abstinence; increase condom use response efficacy; decrease intention to engage in sex in the next 3 months | Girls: 15–20 years old, in and out of school, unmarried Mentors: Trained, from the community | 10 girls, met weekly, 2 hours, 10 sessions Topic: Life skills training Also included: Boys/young men engagement, access and quality improvements of health services | Sample size: 317 intervention (167 female, 150 male), 281 control/comparison (149 female, 132 male) Effects: Increased HIV knowledge Increased RH knowledge Increased STI knowledge |
Adolescent Girls' Empowerment Program,61,62 2013–2016 | Zambia, urban and rural | Randomized control trial Aims: Empower adolescent girls by instilling them with social, health, and economic assets that they can draw upon to reduce vulnerabilities and expand opportunities, thereby increasing their likelihood of completing school and delaying sexual debut and reducing the risks of early marriage, unintended pregnancy, and HIV acquisition | Girls: 10–19 years old, in and out of school, unmarried Mentors: 20–40 years old, completed grade 12, can speak and write in English, experienced | 20–30 girls, met weekly, 1–2 hours, 3 years’ duration Topics: Life skills training, savings account, health vouchers Also included: Access and quality improvements of health services | Sample size: 3,104 intervention (1,043 safe space arm, 1,031 safe space+health voucher arm, 1,030 safe space+health voucher+savings account arm), 1530 control/comparison Effects: Decreased transactional sex Increased condom use Delayed sexual debut Increased STI knowledge Improved attitudes toward GBV Decreased HIV incidence Decreased HSV-2 incidence Increased mobility Increased number of savings accounts (formal and informal) Increased financial literacy |
Regai Dzive Shiri Project,63,64 2003–2007 | Zimbabwe, rural | Randomized control trial Aims: Reduce incidence of HIV and HSV-2 and rates of unintended pregnancy, improve knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to gender issues, HIV, and sexual risk | Girls: 18–22 years old, in and out of school, married and unmarried Mentors: School leaver in the year between leaving school and starting university | 20–30 girls, 4 weeks’ duration Topics: HIV prevention, self-awareness and communication, rural development (risk and body mapping, drama, storytelling, and role play) Also included: Boys/young men engagement, access and quality improvements of health services | Sample size: 2,319 intervention (1,241 female, 1,078 male),1,353 control/comparison (1,352 female, 1,001 male) Effects: Decreased pregnancies Increased self-efficacy regarding condom use Increased self-efficacy to seek out HIV testing Increased RH knowledge Increased STI knowledge Increased concerns about unprotected sex Decreased HIV incidence Decreased HSV-2 incidence Reduced STI symptoms Increased condom use Increased contraceptive use Increased health service utilization Decreased number of sex partners Increased awareness of marital-related rights |
Shaping the Health of Adolescents in Zimbabwe (SHAZ!) Project,65 2006–2008 | Zimbabwe, urban | Randomized control trial Aims: Improve sexual and structural risk factors and decrease unintended pregnancy and HIV and HSV-2 incidence among adolescent female orphans | Girls: 16–19 years old, out of school, married and unmarried Mentors: Self-selected adults | 25 girls, 4–6 weeks’ duration, additional 6 months duration for livelihoods component Topics: Life skills training, livelihoods, microgrants Also included: Access and quality improvements of health services | Sample size: 158 intervention, 157 control/comparison Effects: Increased employment Decreased food insecurity Decreased HIV incidence Decreased HSV-2 incidence Decreased pregnancies Decreased experience of physical violence Decreased experience of sexual violence Increased condom use Increased contraceptive use Decreased transactional sex Decreased number of sex partners Increased social support |