Figures & Tables
Figures
- FIGURE 1
Imputed Inventory, Ethiopia Model as an Example
- FIGURE 2
Calculated Filled to Max Inventory, Ethiopia Model as an Example
- FIGURE 3
Deficit and Surplus of System Imputed Inventory Compared With System Inventory Filled to Max
White bars represent surplus; black bars represent deficit.
- FIGURE 4
Pictorial Depiction of Maximum Inventory Needs (System and Level) and Flow Through In-Country Supply Chain With Growing Demand in a Sample Country
- FIGURE 5
Procurement Quantity Accuracy Based on Maximum Quantities Required to Fill the Supply Chain
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation (average + SD is shown with the top horizontal line while average − SD is shown with the lower horizontal line).
Note: Uganda, which appears to have a very high overstocking of implants, is plotted on a separate, secondary y-axis to avoid obscuring the differences for the other countries.
*Dispensed-to-client data were incorporated in the analysis.
- FIGURE 6
Inventory Needs in a Month as a Percentage of Consumption in the Same Month
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.
- FIGURE 7
Calculated Consumption (Using Demographic Estimates) as a Percentage of Dispensed-to-User Data
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.
- FIGURE 8
Burkina Faso Scatter Plot of PipeLine Reported System Inventory and Imputed Ending Balance for the Same Reporting Months
Tables
Country Source of Direct-to-Client Distribution of Implants Period Covering Direct-to-Client Distribution Data Period Using Demographic Estimates Instead of Distribution-to-Client Data Burkina Faso PipeLine database January 2010–June 2017 n/a Ethiopia n/a n/a January 2011–December 2017 Ghana DHIMS January 2010–December 2010 and January 2011–December 2011 January 2012–December 2017 Kenya DHIS 2 January 2012–December 2017 January 2010–December 2011 Pakistan eLMIS January 2010–December 2017 n/a Tanzania eLMIS Aug 2013–December 2017 January 2011–July 2013 Uganda n/a n/a January 2010–December 2017 Country Aa Annual Statistical Survey September 2014–December 2017 January 2010–August 2014 Country Ba PipeLine database January 2010–December 2017 n/a Abbreviations: DHIMS, district health information management system; DHIS 2, District Health Information System 2; eLMIS, electronic logistics management information system.
↵a Two countries have been anonymized to enable inclusion of their data in this article.
- TABLE 2.
Inventory Policy on Maximum Months of Stock Holdings for Each Level of the Supply Chain as Determined by Each Country's Supply Chain Design
Level Burkina Faso Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Pakistan Tanzania Uganda Country A Country B Central medical stores 15 (combined) 5 12 30 14 9 6 12 9 Regional/hubs level 4 6 n/a n/a n/a n/a 6 District level 5 4 n/a n/a 3 6 n/a 4 3 SDPs 2 4 3 2 1 n/a 4 2 2 Health posts n/a 2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a System total 22 19 21 32 18 15 10 24 14 System total used in model 22 18 21 30 18 15 10 24 14 Abbreviations: n/a, not applicable; SDPs, service delivery points.
Implant Brand CYPs/Implant CYPCF Etonogestrel, 1-rod (Implanon/Implanon NXT) 2.5 1/2.5 = 0.4 Levonorgestrel, 2-rod (Jadelle) 3.8 1/3.8 = 0.26 Abbreviations: CF, conversion factor; CYP, couple year of protection.
Country Demographic and/or Dispensed to Client Data Collected Monthly Model Results Used in Analysis Burkina Faso January 2010–December 2017 January 2010–August 2015 Ethiopia January 2011–January 2016 January 2011–July 2014 Ghana January 2010–December 2017 January 2010–February 2016 Kenya January 2010–December 2017 January 2010–June 2015 Tanzania January 2011–December 2017 January 2011–September 2016 Pakistan January 2010–December 2017 January 2010–June 2016 Uganda January 2010–December 2017 January 2010–December 2015 Country A January 2010–December 2017 January 2010–December 2015 Country B January 2010–December 2017 January 2010–April 2016 - TABLE 5.
Comparison of Procurement Quantity Accuracy Figures Based on Use of Dispensed-to-Client Dataa
Country Average Procurement Quantity Error No Dispensed-to-Client Data Used in Model (Only Demographic Estimates Used) Dispensed-to-Client Data Used, if Available, in Model Burkina Faso −29% −83% Ghana −23% −39% Kenya −111% −112% Tanzania 51% −56% Country A −7% 55% Country B 112% −4% ↵a Bolded figures indicate the appearance of more accurate result, and negative figures represent under-procurement.
Country Data Source All Women Public-Sector and NGO Source Mix mCPR Implant CPR Implant Share of Method Mix Burkina Faso DHS 2010 14.3 2.9 92 PMA-R1 2014 15.7 43.4 PMA-R2 2015 18.6 34.9 PMA-R3 2016 21.5 41.9 PMA-R4 2017 21.9 43.4 Ethiopia DHS 2011 18.7 2.3 94 PMA-R1 2014 22.5 15.6 PMA-R2 2014 23.8 20.4 PMA-R3 2015 25.6 20.2 PMA-R4 2016 26.5 22.9 DHS 2016 24.9 5.7 96.8 Ghana DHS 2008 13.5 0.7 85.4 PMA-R1 2013 14.3 13.3 PMA-R2 2014 14.6 14.1 DHS 2014 18.2 3.7 94.1 PMA-R3 2014 18.1 12.6 PMA-R4 2015 23.4 14.9 PMA-R5 2016 21.7 18.3 PMA-R6 2016 21.3 23.4 Kenya DHS 2008 28 1.3 81 DHS 2014 39.1 7.1 82.1 PMA-R1 2014 42.5 18.3 PMA-R2 2014 40.3 18 PMA-R3v2015 46.5 21.1 PMA-R4 2016 46 23.9 PMA-R5 2016 44.2 27.6 PMA-R6 2017 Pakistan DHS 2006-2007 21.7 0.1 eLMIS data by month DHS 2012-2013 26.1 0 Tanzania DHS 2010 23.6 1.8 94.8 DHS 2015-2016 27.1 5.6 97.8 Uganda DHS 2011 20.7 1.9 87.5 PMA-R1 2014 21 11.9 PMA-R2 2015 26.2 12.5 PMA-R3 2015 25.9 14.3 PMA-R4 2016 27.5 13.1 DHS 2016 27.3 4.7 84 Country A DHS 2006 4.5 0 n/a (100% used) DHS 2012 11 0.3 n/a (100% used) PMA-R2 2016 12.6 17.6 Country B DHS 2007-2008 16.3 0.9 DHS 2010 25.2 3.6 94.8 DHS 2014-15 27.8 4.7 92 Abbreviations: CPR, contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey; eLMIS, electronic logistics management information system; mCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; n/a, not applicable; PMA, Performance Monitoring and Accountability.
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