Figures & Tables
Figures
- FIGURE
Conceptual Framework Showing Relationship Between NURHI Interventions and Contraceptive Use
Abbreviation: NURHI, Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative.
Adapted from Kincaid (2000) and Babalola et al. (2015).8
Tables
- TABLE 1.
Independent Variables for Modeling Women's Uptake of Modern Contraceptive Methods in Selected Nigerian States
Variables Operational Definitions Exposure to family planning message Self-reported exposure to family planning message from religious leaders, categorized as “0” had no exposure or “1” had exposure. This variable was derived from the question: “In the past year, have you heard or seen a religious leader speaking publicly in favour of family planning/child birth spacing?” Age of respondent Self-reported age of respondent at time of survey, categorized as: 15–24, 25–34, 35+ Religion Respondents' religions: Catholic, Other Christian, Muslim Parity Number of children ever born: 0, 1–2, 3–4, 5+ Education Highest level of education attained: none, primary, secondary, post-secondary State of residence Current state of residence: Federal Capital Territory, Kwara, Kaduna, Oyo Ethnic affiliation Respondents' ethnic affiliation: Hausa/Fulani, Igbo, Yoruba, other Current marital status Marital status at time of survey: married/cohabiting, never married, previously married Wealth index Composite index of household items/amenities, electrical appliances, toilet facility, drinking water, and floor/wall materials grouped into a quintile: (1) poorest, (2) poorer, (3) middle, (4) richer, (5) richest Fertility desire Respondents' desire to have another child: (1) want another child, (2) does not want another child Need anyone's permission to use family planning Respondent's need for someone's permission before use of family planning, categorized as: (1) Yes, permission of someone needed, (2) No, permission not needed. This variable captures a situation where a woman requires the permission of her husband/partner, mother-in-law, or someone else, before she can use a family planning method Perceived self-efficacy Perceived self-efficacy about family planning, generated as a composite score variable from responses to Likert-scale questions on women's level of agreement with the ideation statements. These were categorized into a tertile as: (1) low, (2) medium, (3) high; Cronbach's alpha was 0.89 Acceptance of myths and misconceptions about contraceptives Acceptance of myths and misconceptions about contraceptives, generated as a composite score variable from responses to Likert-scale questions on women's level of agreement with the ideation statements. These were categorized into a tertile as: (1) low, (2) medium, (3) high. Cronbach's alpha was 0.89 Other NURHI interventions Other NURHI interventions numbering 27. An overall index, i.e., composite scores, was generated to reflect the extent of exposures that respondents had to the various activities. The composite variable was categorized into a tertile as: (1) low exposure, (2) medium exposure, (3) high exposure. Cronbach's alpha for the 27-item additive index was 0.90 Abbreviation: NURHI, Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative.
- TABLE 2.
Background Characteristics of Study Participants and Other Selected Variables, Selected Nigerian States, 2015 (N=9,725)
Characteristics Value Religion, % Catholic 6.0 Other Christian 39.7 Muslim 54.3 Extent of religiosity, % Strongly religious 72.9 Somewhat religious 27.1 Current age, years, % 15–24 37.0 25–34 32.7 35+ 30.3 Current age, years, mean 28.9 Education, % None 9.5 Primary 24.6 Secondary 45.2 Post-secondary 20.7 Parity, mean 2.8 City of residence, % FCT 14.5 Kaduna 52.1 Kwara 10.6 Oyo 22.9 Ethnic affiliation, % Hausa/Fulani 31.4 Igbo 6.2 Yoruba 32.5 Others 29.9 Current marital status, % Married/cohabiting 65.4 Never married 30.1 Previously married 4.5 Wealth index, % Poorest 9.8 Poorer 10.3 Middle 15.7 Richer 25.6 Richest 38.7 Fertility desire, % Want another child 78.9 Want no more 21.1 Need anyone's permission to use FP, % Yes 86.4 No 13.6 Degree to which religion influences FP decision, % Never 33.6 Somewhat 30.8 Frequent/always 35.6 Had exposure to religious leaders' message in favor of FP, % No 60.2 Yes 39.8 Abbreviations: FCT, Federal Capitol Territory; FP, family planning.
- TABLE 3
Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Contraceptive Use and Selected Characteristics, Selected Nigerian States, 2015
Characteristics Currently Using Modern Method (%) Not Using Modern Method (%) Chi-Square Religion 208.0 Catholic 24.5 75.5 Other Christian 31.3 68.7 Muslim 18.2 81.8 Religiosity 8.42 Strongly religious 22.9 77.1 Somewhat religious 25.8 74.2 Had exposure to religious leaders' message in favor of FP 120.0 No 20.0 80.0 Yes 30.0 70.0 Current age, years 542.0 15–24 10.6 89.4 25–34 32.6 67.4 35+ 30.0 70.0 Education 129.0 None 15.4 84.6 Primary 20.1 79.9 Secondary 23.8 76.2 Post-secondary 31.9 68.1 Parity 586.0 0 9.1 90.9 1–2 26.5 73.5 3–4 36.8 63.2 5+ 28.4 71.6 State of residence 135.0 FCT 28.4 71.6 Kaduna 18.9 81.1 Kwara 27.3 72.7 Oyo 29.8 70.2 Ethnic affiliation 353.0 Hausa/Fulani 12.4 87.6 Igbo 24.5 75.5 Yoruba 31.7 68.3 Others 27.6 72.4 Current marital status 400.0 Married/cohabiting 29.8 70.2 Never married 11.2 88.8 Previously married 13.8 86.2 Wealth index 235.0 Poorest 9.9 90.1 Poorer 13.4 86.6 Middle 23.6 76.4 Richer 28.3 71.7 Richest 27.7 72.3 Fertility desire 382.0 Want another child 19.0 81.0 Does not want another child 40.1 59.9 Need anyone's permission to use FP 6.2 Yes 23.7 76.3 No 26.9 73.1 Self-efficacy and FP 926.0 Low 7.5 92.5 Medium 26.8 73.2 High 38.6 61.4 Acceptance of myths and misconception index on FP 126.0 Low 27.9 72.1 Medium 25.7 74.3 High 16.9 83.3 Exposure to other NURHI interventions 391.0 Low exposure 14.5 85.5 Medium exposure 24.5 75.5 High exposure 35.5 64.5 Abbreviations: FCT, Federal Capitol Territory; FP, family planning; NURHI, Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative.
- TABLE 4.
Relationship Between Current Use of Modern Contraception and Exposure to Family Planning Messages From Religious Leaders, Selected Nigerian States, 2015
Characteristics Model 1a OR (95% CI) Model 2b OR (95% CI) Model 3c OR (95% CI) Model 4d OR (95% CI) Had exposure to religious leader's message in favor of FP No 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Yes 1.70 (1.54, 1.87)*** 1.33 (1.17, 1.51)*** 1.27 (1.12, 1.45)*** 1.13 (0.99, 1.29) Religiosity Strongly religious 1.00 1.00 1.00 Somewhat religious 1.30 (1.12, 1.50)*** 1.31 (1.13, 1.52)*** 1.27 (1.09, 1.48)** Age, years 15–24 1.00 1.00 1.00 25–34 1.73 (1.40, 2.14)*** 1.67 (1.36, 2.06)*** 1.62 (1.31, 2.00)*** 35+ 0.90 (0.70, 1.17) 0.86 (0.67, 1.12) 0.87 (0.67, 1.14) Current marital status Married/cohabiting 1.00 1.00 1.00 Never married 1.61 (0.26, 0.39)** 1.54 (1.10, 2.18)* 1.42 (0.99, 2.03) Previously married 0.27 (0.18, 0.39)*** 0.25 (0.17, 0.37)*** 0.24 (0.16, 0.35)*** Education None 1.00 1.00 1.00 Less than secondary 1.15 (0.87, 1.53) 1.07 (0.81, 1.42) 0.99 (0.74, 1.32) Secondary 1.49 (1.12, 1.98)** 1.36 (1.02, 1.81)* 1.15 (0.86, 1.55) Post-secondary 1.98 (1.43, 2.74)*** 1.76 (1.27, 2.43)** 1.38 (0.99, 1.93) Ethnic affiliation Hausa/Fulani 1.00 1.00 1.00 Igbo 1.57 (1.14, 2.17)** 1.62 (1.17, 2.24)** 1.38 (1.00, 1.92) Yoruba 2.42 (1.90, 3.08)*** 2.33 (1.82, 2.98)*** 1.95 (1.51, 2.51)*** Others 2.52 (2.09, 3.04)*** 2.53 (2.09, 3.05)*** 2.10 (1.73, 2.56)*** State of residence Kaduna 1.00 1.00 1.00 FCT 0.94 (0.77, 1.15) 0.96 (0.78, 1.19) 1.03 (0.84, 1.28) Kwara 0.74 (0.57, 0.97)* 0.62 (0.47, 0.83)** 0.84 (0.63, 1.13) Oyo 1.12 (0.91, 1.39) 1.01 (0.81, 1.25) 1.04 (0.83, 1.32) Wealth index Poorest 1.00 1.00 1.00 Poorer 1.39 (0.98, 1.95) 1.32 (0.94, 1.85) 1.24 (0.86, 1.77) Middle 2.62 (1.91, 3.59)*** 2.35 (1.71, 3.23)*** 2.09 (1.52, 2.89)*** Richer 3.41 (2.50, 4.66)*** 2.83 (2.06, 3.87)*** 2.57 (1.86, 3.55)*** Richest 2.78 (2.00, 3.86)*** 2.27 (1.63, 3.16)*** 2.04 (1.46, 2.87)*** Parity 0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1–2 5.50 (3.90, 7.69)*** 5.01 (3.56, 7.05)*** 4.86 (3.41, 6.92)*** 3–4 7.93 (5.46, 11.53)*** 7.34 (5.04, 10.68)*** 7.00 (4.73, 10.35)*** 5+ 8.51 (5.72, 12.65)*** 7.98 (5.35, 11.86)*** 7.34 (4.84, 11.12)*** Fertility desire Want another child 1.00 1.00 1.00 Want no more 1.99 (1.67, 2.37)*** 1.93 (1.62, 2.30)*** 1.69 (1.41, 2.03)*** Needs anyone's permission to use FP Yes 1.00 1.00 No 1.16 (0.97, 1.40) 1.40 (1.16, 1.70)** Exposure to other NURHI interventions Low exposure 1.00 1.00 Medium exposure 1.41 (1.19, 1.67)*** 1.18 (0.99, 1.40) High exposure 1.72 (1.42, 2.08)*** 1.28 (1.05, 1.57)* Perceived self-efficacy about FP use Low 1.00 Medium 3.48 (2.85, 4.24)*** High 4.78 (3.93, 5.82)*** Acceptance of myths and misconceptions about FP index Low 1.00 Medium 0.98 (0.84, 1.13) High 0.58 (0.49, 0.69)*** Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; FCT, Federal Capitol Territory; FP, family planning; NURHI, Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative; OR, odds ratio.
↵* P<0.05;
↵** P<0.01;
↵*** P<0.001.
↵a Model 1=unadjusted analysis.
↵b Model 2=adjusted for selected background characteristics, including religiosity, age, marital status, education, ethnicity, wealth status, parity, state of residence, and fertility desire.
↵c Model 3=adjusted for selected background characteristics, including religiosity, age, marital status, education, ethnicity, wealth status, parity, state of residence, and fertility desire, and for women's exposure to other NURHI interventions.
↵d Model 4=adjusted for all variables included in Model 3, plus perceived self-efficacy about family planning uptake and myths and misconceptions about family planning index.
In this issue
Statistics from Altmetric.com
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- What drives inequality in modern family planning use among urban women residents? A cross-sectional analysis using the inequality of opportunity framework in Ugandas secondary cities
- Womens Awareness in ReproDuctive 'Aafiya (WARDA): a community-based participatory research protocol for co-designing and evaluating reproductive health resources for Muslim women in Australia
- Prevalence and correlates of contraceptive use among parenting adolescents: results from a cross-sectional survey in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, and Blantyre, Malawi
- What Underlies State Government Performance in Scaling Family Planning Programming? A Study of The Challenge Initiative State Partnerships in Nigeria
- Association between womens empowerment and demand for family planning satisfied among Christians and Muslims in multireligious African countries
- DOES QUALITY OF COUNSELING AND EXPOSURE TO FAMILY PLANNING MESSAGES INFLUENCE THE USE OF MODERN CONTRACEPTIVES AMONG WOMEN IN NORTHERN NIGERIA?
- Optimising scale-up for public health impact: a multimethod implementation science research protocol to improve infant health outcomes in Ethiopia
- Building confidence in crises - the roles of Sierra Leonean religious leaders during the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak
- Association between womens empowerment and demand for family planning satisfied among Christians and Muslims in multi-religious African countries
- Intra-urban inequalities in modern family planning use in Ugandas urban settings: the role of place of residence, socio-economic, family, and individual factors
- COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Ghana: The Roles of Political Allegiance, Misinformation Beliefs, and Sociodemographic Factors
- Factors associated with modern contraceptive demands satisfied among currently married/in-union women of reproductive age in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of the 2016 Demographic and Health Survey
- Faith-Based Advocacy for Family Planning Works: Evidence From Kenya and Zambia
- Exploring trust in religious leaders and institutions as a mechanism for improving retention in child malnutrition interventions in the Philippines: a retrospective cohort study