Figures & Tables
Figures
- FIGURE 1
PRACHAR Phases, Intervention Delivery Mechanisms, and Coverage
Abbreviation: PRACHAR, Promoting Change in Reproductive Behavior of Adolescents.
- FIGURE 2
Adjusted Odds Ratios for Current Contraceptive Use Among Young Married Women Aged 15–24 (Phase I and II) and Aged 15–34 (Phase III) in PRACHAR Intervention Models
Reference groups are comparison areas where PRACHAR was not implemented.
Adjusted odds ratios are from multivariate logistic regressions comparing baseline-endline changes in intervention and comparison areas for each PRACHAR model. These adjusted odds ratios are from different studies/designs so direct comparison should be taken with limitations.
*P<.05; **P<.01; ***P<.001.
Abbreviation: PRACHAR, Promoting Change in Reproductive Behavior of Adolescents.
- FIGURE 3
Current Contraceptive Use Among Married Women Aged 15–24 (Phases I and II) and Aged 15–34 (Phase III) in PRACHAR Intervention Models
*P<.05; **P<.01; ***P<.001.
Abbreviation: PRACHAR, Promoting Change in Reproductive Behavior of Adolescents.
- FIGURE 4
Contraceptive Method Mix Among Young Married Contraceptive Users Aged 15–24 in the PRACHAR 5-Year Comprehensive Model (Phases I and II), and Aged 15–34 in Phase III Intervention Areas (Baseline + Endline)
Abbreviation: PRACHAR, Promoting Change in Reproductive Behavior of Adolescents.
- FIGURE 5
Number of Home Visits Required for Contraceptive Initiation Among Young Married Contraceptive Users Aged 15–24 in PRACHAR Phase I, by Parity
Abbreviation: PRACHAR, Promoting Change in Reproductive Behavior of Adolescents.
- FIGURE 6
Adjusted Odds Ratios for Current Contraceptive Use Among Young Married Women Aged 15–24 With 1 Child, According to Exposure to PRACHAR Phase I Interventions (Wife, Husband, or Both) (N=1779)
Reference group: neither partner exposed.
Odds ratios adjusted for parity, education, and standard of living index.
*P<.05; **P<.01; ***P<.001.
Abbreviation: PRACHAR, Promoting Change in Reproductive Behavior of Adolescents.
- FIGURE 7
Adjusted Odds Ratios for Current Contraceptive Use Among Married Women Aged 15-34 in Areas Where PRACHAR Phase I, Phase II, or Phases I + II Were Implemented 4-8 Years Earlier
Reference group is women in comparison areas where PRACHAR was not implemented.
Adjusted odds ratios are from multivariate logistic regressions comparing baseline-endline changes in intervention and comparison areas. Odds ratios are adjusted for age, education, caste, and wealth quintile.
*P<.05; **P<.01; ***P<.001.
Abbreviation: PRACHAR, Promoting Change in Reproductive Behavior of Adolescents.
- FIGURE 8
Current Contraceptive Use Among Married Women Aged 15–34 in Areas Where PRACHAR Phase I, Phase II, or Phases I + II Were Implemented 4–8 Years Earlier
*P<.05; **P<.01; ***P<.001.
Abbreviation: PRACHAR, Promoting Change in Reproductive Behavior of Adolescents.
Tables
PRACHAR Strategies and Interventions Target Level Implementer(s) Phase I Phase II Phase III Comprehensive3-yearmodel Comprehensive 5-yearmodel (continued for 2years beyond Phase I) Comprehensive2-year model Homevisitsonly Volunteersonly Trainedcouplesonly 2-yearmodel withASHAs Interventions with adolescents, young couples, key influencers, and communities to increase support for RH practices and use of services Small-group education on RH with adolescent girls (aged 12–14 years), and unmarried girls and boys aged 15–19 years Individual Trainers from NGO training partner X X X – – – X Counseling on RH/FP and referrals to FP services through regularly scheduled home visits to married young women with no children, married young women with first pregnancy, married postpartum young women who delivered their first child, married young women with 1 child Individual Phase I and II: Female Change Agent Phase III: ASHA X X X X – – X Home visits to women and men (whenever possible, without a regular schedule) and referral by female and male volunteers (rather than paid change agents), respectively Individual Male and female community volunteers – – – – X – – Outreach to young couples by other trained young couples (rather than change agents, peer–to-peer outreach approach) Individual, young couples Male and female members of young couples – – – – – X – Newlywed couple ceremony/infotainment parties Young couples, Group NGO training partner X X – – – – – Small-group discussion and dialogue on RH and contraception, and referrals to health services, separately to young married women and married men Group Phase I and II: Female Change Agent, Male CommunicatorPhase III: ASHA, Male Communicator X X X – – – X Orientation and training of community leaders and influencers on RH for young people Community NGO intervention partner X X X – – – – Group meetings and infotainment programs for mothers and fathers of young married men (the mothers-in-law and fathers-in-law of young married women) Community NGO intervention partner X X X X X X – Street theater performances Community NGO intervention partner X X X – – – – Wall paintings Community NGO intervention partner X X X X X X X Improving access to RH services Support to monthly MCH clinics by providing government ANMs with training and support, essential instruments, and recordkeeping tools. Community Phase I and II: NGO intervention partner, Anganwadi Worker, ANM (Government) X X X X X X – Training of rural health practitioners on RH and FP issues Community NGO training partner X X X X X X – Training of TBAs on safe delivery, counseling on postpartum contraceptives, and referral of pregnant women with complications Community NGO training partner X X X X X X – Training of chemist outlets and village convenience shops on FP and connecting them with social marketing agencies to encourage regular stocks of condoms and pills Community NGO intervention partner X X X X X X – Abbreviations: ANM, auxiliary nurse-midwife; AHSA, accredited health social activist; FP, family planning; MCH, maternal and child health; PRACHAR, Promoting Change in Reproductive Behavior of Adolescents; RH, reproductive health; TBA, traditional birth attendant.
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