Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Advance Access
    • Archive
    • Supplements
      • The Challenge Initiative Platform
      • Call for Abstracts
      • The Responsive Feedback Approach
    • Topic Collections
  • For Authors
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Submit Manuscript
    • Publish a Supplement
    • Promote Your Article
    • Resources for Writing Journal Articles
  • About
    • About GHSP
    • Editorial Team
    • Advisory Board
    • FAQs
    • Instructions for Reviewers
  • Webinars
    • Local Voices Webinar
    • Connecting Creators and Users of Knowledge
    • Publishing About Programs in GHSP
  • Other Useful Sites
    • GH eLearning
    • GHJournal Search

User menu

  • My Alerts

Search

  • Advanced search
Global Health: Science and Practice
  • Other Useful Sites
    • GH eLearning
    • GHJournal Search
  • My Alerts

Global Health: Science and Practice

Dedicated to what works in global health programs

Advanced Search

  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Advance Access
    • Archive
    • Supplements
    • Topic Collections
  • For Authors
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Submit Manuscript
    • Publish a Supplement
    • Promote Your Article
    • Resources for Writing Journal Articles
  • About
    • About GHSP
    • Editorial Team
    • Advisory Board
    • FAQs
    • Instructions for Reviewers
  • Webinars
    • Local Voices Webinar
    • Connecting Creators and Users of Knowledge
    • Publishing About Programs in GHSP
  • Alerts
  • Visit GHSP on Facebook
  • Follow GHSP on Twitter
  • RSS
  • Find GHSP on LinkedIn
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Open Access

Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a School Insecticide-Treated Net Distribution Program in Cross River State, Nigeria

Angela Acosta, Emmanuel Obi, Richmond Ato Selby, Iyam Ugot, Matthew Lynch, Mark Maire, Kassahun Belay, Abidemi Okechukwu, Uwem Inyang, Jessica Kafuko, George Greer, Lilia Gerberg, Megan Fotheringham, Hannah Koenker and Albert Kilian
Global Health: Science and Practice June 2018, 6(2):272-287; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-17-00350
Angela Acosta
aJohns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: angela.acosta@jhu.edu
Emmanuel Obi
bTropical Health, LLP, Montagut, Spain.
cMalaria Consortium, Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Richmond Ato Selby
aJohns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA.
dMalaria Consortium, Kampala, Uganda.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Iyam Ugot
eOffice of the Governor, Cross River State, Nigeria.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Matthew Lynch
aJohns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Mark Maire
fDivision of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Kassahun Belay
gU.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Abidemi Okechukwu
gU.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Uwem Inyang
gU.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Jessica Kafuko
gU.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
George Greer
hU.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Lilia Gerberg
iU.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Bureau for Global Health, Office of Health, Infectious Disease & Nutrition, Washington, DC, USA.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Megan Fotheringham
iU.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Bureau for Global Health, Office of Health, Infectious Disease & Nutrition, Washington, DC, USA.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Hannah Koenker
aJohns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Albert Kilian
bTropical Health, LLP, Montagut, Spain.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
PreviousNext
  • Article
  • Figures & Tables
  • Supplements
  • Info & Metrics
  • Comments
  • PDF
Loading

Figures & Tables

Figures

  • Tables
  • Additional Files
  • FIGURE 1
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIGURE 1

    Modes and Timing of ITN Distribution and Baseline and Endline Surveys, Cross River State, Nigeria, 2011–2014

    Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care; ITN, insecticide-treated net; LGA, local government area.

  • FIGURE 2
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIGURE 2

    Maps of Baseline and Endline Survey Strata by Mode of ITN Distribution per LGA, Cross River State, Nigeria

    Abbreviations: ITN, insecticide-treated net; LGA, local government area.

  • FIGURE 3
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIGURE 3

    Trends in ITN Indicators From Baseline to Endline

    Abbreviation: ITN, insecticide-treated net.

  • FIGURE 4
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIGURE 4

    Lorenz Concentration Curve Assessing Equity in Household ITN Ownership by Source of Net

    Abbreviations: Anc, antenatal care; hh, household; ITN, insecticide-treated net.

Tables

  • Figures
  • Additional Files
    • View popup
    TABLE 1.

    Baseline Characteristics of Survey Households, by Comparisona and School-Based Distribution Intervention Sites (N=753)

    ComparisonInterventionP Value
    Rest of Wave 1 (N=251)Ogoja LGA: 2 Rounds (N=286)Obubra LGA: 3 Rounds (N=216)
    No. of de-jure household members, mean4.74.54.9.33
    No. of persons per sleeping room2.22.42.3.07
    Households with any children under 5, %33.1%38.5%37.1%.56
    Households with a pregnant woman, %8.6%9.6%12.3%.51
    Households with any eligible school children, %–36.7%42.8%.19b
    Age of head of household, years, mean41.343.441.4.24
    Female-headed households, %18.4%23.5%22.5%.57
    Educational achievement of head of household, %.09
        Non-literate10.7%11.8%21.4%
        Primary22.6%22.1%31.3%
        Secondary48.5%48.2%29.3%
        Tertiary18.1%18.0%18.1%
    Household access to safe water, %41.2%35.8%23.6%.47
    Household access to any latrine, %72.0%66.0%59.8%.33
    Houses with modern roof (e.g., sheets, tiles), %89.7%92.2%91.2%.81
    Household ownership of radio, %86.4%81.8%68.9%.02
    Household ownership of mobile phone, %83.7%80.3%66.7%.06
    Household ownership of any means of transport, %73.8%58.2%55.7%.007
    Households registered by ITN campaign, %48.0%37.8%44.9%.36
    Household received any net from campaign, %65.8%47.0%47.6%.006
    No. of ITNs received, if any, mean1.881.731.83.61
    • Abbreviations: ITN, insecticide-treated net; LGA, local government area.

    • ↵a The rest of the LGAs (8 total) in the wave 1 distribution served as the comparison group at baseline.

    • ↵b Comparing Ogoja to Obubra LGA.

    • View popup
    TABLE 2.

    Baseline Characteristics for All Non-School Intervention LGAs in the Wave 1 Distribution (Baseline Comparison Group) and Ikom LGA Alone (Endline Comparison Group)

    Rest of Wave 1 (N=251)Ikom LGA (N=34)P Value
    No. of de-jure household members, mean4.74.8.98
    No. of persons per sleeping room2.22.4.20
    Households with any children under 5, %33.1%26.0%.16
    Households with a pregnant woman, %8.6%7.5%.86
    Households with any eligible school children, %––
    Age of head of household, years, mean41.343.6.38
    Female-headed households, %18.4%15.2.50
    Educational achievement of head of household, %.14
        Non-literate10.7%13.5%
        Primary22.6%16.8%
        Secondary48.5%36.2%
        Tertiary18.1%33.5%
    Household access to safe water, %41.2%28.5%.31
    Household access to any latrine, %72.0%50.3%.06
    Houses with modern roof (e.g., sheets, tiles), %89.7%96.6%.37
    Household ownership of radio, %86.4%82.4%.38
    Household ownership of mobile phone, %83.7%89.9%.44
    Household ownership of any means of transport, %73.8%69.0%.50
    Households registered by ITN campaign, %48.0%32.8%.02
    Household received any net from campaign, %65.8%52.2%.13
    No. of ITNs received, if any, mean1.881.88.94
    • Abbreviations: ITN, insecticide-treated net; LGA, local government area.

    • View popup
    TABLE 3.

    ITN Ownership, Access, and Use (%) at Baseline and Endline, by Comparisona and Intervention Sites

    Baseline (N=753)Endline (N=1,450)
    Rest of Wave 1(Comparison)Ogoja LGA(2 Rounds)Obubra LGA(3 Rounds)Ikom LGA(Comparison)Ogoja LGA(2 Rounds)Obubra LGA(3 Rounds)
    Household level
    Owns at least 1 ITN63.9 (56.4, 70.8)49.5 (44.7, 54.3)51.1 (35.3, 66.7)43.3(37.4, 49.4)76.4(71.2, 81.0)77.9(71.5, 83.1)
    Owns at least 1 ITN per 2 people24.4 (17.8, 32.5)17.7 (13.0, 23.7)17.4 (11.8, 25.0)13.9(10.7, 17.8)29.9(25.1, 35.2)30.3(26.1, 34.8)
    ITN supply
    Less than 1 ITN per 3 people21.1(16.2, 27.2)16.8 (13.1, 21.5)20.8 (15.1, 27.9)20.5(15.8, 26.2)23.2(19.8, 26.9)23.6(20.5, 27.0)
    1 ITN per 3 people18.4 (14.3, 23.2)15.0(10.5, 20.9)12.9(7.8, 20.6)8.9(6.5, 12.0)23.4(19.3, 27.9)24.0(20.3, 28.1)
    1 ITN per 2 people21.1 (16.7, 26.2)13.5 (9.7, 18.6)14.5 (9.5, 21.6)12.2(9.1, 16.2)23.8(19.6, 28.5)22.8(19.0, 27.0)
    1 ITN or more per person3.3 (1.2, 9.2)4.2 (2.3, 7.6)2.9 (1.1, 7.5)1.7(0.9, 16.2)6.2(4.1, 9.2)7.5(5.2, 10.8)
    Population level
    Population access to ITNb46.8 (40.0, 53.7)35.7 (32.0, 39.5)33.5(23.2, 45.6)25.7(21.9, 29.9)53.1(48.0, 58.0)54.7(48.4, 60.9)
    ITN use previous night41.8 (35.6, 48.3)28.9 (26.1, 31.8)28.5(17.9, 42.0)16.8(13.7, 20.4)24.0(20.6, 27.7)31.6(26.1, 37.6)
    ITN use previous night among population with access to ITN92.5 (86.3, 99.0)84.7 (81.4, 88.5)88.3(77.9, 99.8)66.7(63.6, 70.3)45.7(42.3, 49.4)61.2(55.3, 66.7)
    • Abbreviations: ITN, insecticide-treated net; LGA, local government area.

    • All data shown as % (95% confidence interval).

    • ↵a The rest of the LGAs (8 total) in the wave 1 distribution served as the comparison group at baseline, while Ikom LGA served as the comparison at endline.

    • ↵b Proportion of the population with access to an ITN within their household (assuming each ITN in a household can be used by 2 people).

    • View popup
    TABLE 4.

    Difference-in-Difference Analysis on Core ITN Indicators

    ComparisonDifference-in-DifferencesP Value
    HH owns any ITN
    Obubra (3 rounds) vs. Comparisona58.8%<.001
    Ogoja (2 rounds) vs. Comparisona58.9%<.001
    Obubra (3 rounds) vs. Ogoja (2 rounds)−0.01%.99
    HH owns at least 1 ITN per 2 people
    Obubra (3 rounds) vs. Comparisona28.2%<.001
    Ogoja (2 rounds) vs. Comparisona28.8%<.001
    Obubra (3 rounds) vs. Ogoja (2 rounds)−0.6%.91
    Population access to ITN within HHb
    Obubra (3 rounds) vs. Comparisona49.6%<.001
    Ogoja (2 rounds) vs. Comparisona47.2%<.001
    Obubra (3 rounds) vs. Ogoja (2 rounds)2.4%.42
    • Abbreviations: HH, household; ITN, insecticide-treated net.

    • ↵a The rest of the LGAs (8 total) in the wave 1 distribution served as the comparison group at baseline, while Ikom LGA served as the comparison group at endline.

    • ↵b Proportion of the population with access to an ITN within their household (assuming each ITN in a household can be used by 2 people).

    • View popup
    TABLE 5.

    Source of ITNs (%) Among All Households at Endline (N=1,450)

    HH Source of ITNIkom LGA (Comparison)Ogoja LGA (2 Rounds)Obubra LGA (3 Rounds)
    Any source
    No ITN56.3 (50.5, 62.0)22.1 (17.5, 27.6)20.9 (15.9, 27.0)
    At least 1 net from school0.043.0 (35.9, 50.5)44.2 (35.9, 53.0)
    At least 1 net from campaign31.5 (26.2, 37.3)18.0 (12.3, 25.6)29.0 (22.3, 36.8)
    At least 1 net from ANC2.5 (1.4, 4.4)9.8 (6.9, 13.6)9.4 (7.1, 12.3)
    Other (family, private)1.9 (0.7, 5.0)2.5 (1.3, 4.5)1.7 (0.8, 3.4)
    Unknown8.1 (5.4, 11.9)11.5 (8.2, 15.8)6.9 (4.0, 11.6)
    1 Source
    Campaign only31.3 (26.0, 37.1)11.9 (7.2, 19.0)19.4 (13.8, 26.6)
    ANC only2.3 (1.2, 4.2)8.4 (5.5, 12.7)5.6 (4.1, 7.7)
    School only0.036.7 (29.9, 44.1)34.2 (26.4, 43.0)
    2 or more sources
    Campaign and ANC0.2 (0.03, 1.5)0.6 (0.2, 1.9)1.3 (0.6, 2.6)
    Campaign and school0.05.5 (3.6, 8.4)7.5 (4.9, 11.3)
    ANC and school0.00.8 (0.3, 2.1)1.7 (0.7, 7.7)
    Campaign, ANC, and school0.00.00.8 (0.3 - 2.1)
    • Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care; CI, confidence interval; HH, household; ITN, insecticide-treated net; LGA, local government area.

    • All data shown as % (95% confidence interval).

    • View popup
    TABLE 6.

    Source of Information (%) About ITNs at Endline (N=1,450)

    Ikom LGA (Comparison)Ogoja LGA (2 Rounds)Obubra LGA (3 Rounds)
    Exposed to information about nets past 6 months31.5 (24.1, 39.9)44.5 (37.6, 51.6)50.7 (45.9, 55.6)
    Source of information if exposed
    Radio75.0 (64.6, 83.1)40.1 (30.9, 50.0)35.0 (25.8, 45.4)
    Health worker (facility or community)54.6 (46.1, 62.9)54.4 (45.2, 63.2)43.2 (33.4, 53.6)
    School4.0 (2.0, 7.6)17.1 (11.8, 24.0)33.7 (24.0, 45.1)
    Community leader7.9 (4.5, 13.4)21.7 (13.7, 32.5)11.1 (5.6, 20.7)
    Town announcer24.3 (16.1, 35.0)18.0 (10.0, 30.2)8.6 (4.9, 14.9)
    Family or friends20.4 (13.5, 29.6)14.3 (10.0, 20.1)14.0 (8.0, 23.2)
    Pharmacy or shop attendant10.5 (5.3, 19.8)0.9 (0.2, 3.5)0.0
    Mosque or church2.0 (0.6, 6.2)3.7 (1.8, 7.3)11.5 (4.7, 25.8)
    Newspaper or TV9.2 (5.3, 15.6)1.8 (0.7, 4.8)1.2 (0.3, 5.2)
    Mean number of information sources mentioned2.6 (2.2, 3.0)2.2 (1.7, 2.7)1.9 (1.6, 2.2)
    Mean number of messages recalled if exposed3.1 (2.7, 3.5)2.6 (2.0, 3.3)3.9 (3.5, 4.3)
    Message on net use recalled (all households)29.0 (21.8, 37.5)35.0 (29.4, 41.2)45.3 (39.7, 51.0)
    Discussed net use with family46.8 (40.3, 53.4)59.0 (53.5, 64.4)64.1 (57.1, 70.5)
    Intention to use nets regularly (most or all nights)66.1 (59.1, 72.4)73.4 (67.9, 78.2)79.3 (74.1, 83.7)
    Child learned about malaria and/or nets at school if any schoolchild in household37.8 (23.1, 55.3)73.6 (66.5, 79.7)64.2 (54.1, 73.2)
    • Abbreviations: ITN, insecticide-treated net; LGA, local government area.

    • All data shown as % (95% confidence interval).

Additional Files

  • Figures
  • Tables
  • Supplemental material

    • Text s01, PDF - Text s01, PDF
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Global Health: Science and Practice: 6 (2)
Global Health: Science and Practice
Vol. 6, No. 2
June 27, 2018
  • Table of Contents
  • About the Cover
  • Index by Author
  • Complete Issue (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Global Health: Science and Practice.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a School Insecticide-Treated Net Distribution Program in Cross River State, Nigeria
(Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Global Health: Science and Practice
(Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from the Global Health: Science and Practice web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Citation Tools
Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a School Insecticide-Treated Net Distribution Program in Cross River State, Nigeria
Angela Acosta, Emmanuel Obi, Richmond Ato Selby, Iyam Ugot, Matthew Lynch, Mark Maire, Kassahun Belay, Abidemi Okechukwu, Uwem Inyang, Jessica Kafuko, George Greer, Lilia Gerberg, Megan Fotheringham, Hannah Koenker, Albert Kilian
Global Health: Science and Practice Jun 2018, 6 (2) 272-287; DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-17-00350

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a School Insecticide-Treated Net Distribution Program in Cross River State, Nigeria
Angela Acosta, Emmanuel Obi, Richmond Ato Selby, Iyam Ugot, Matthew Lynch, Mark Maire, Kassahun Belay, Abidemi Okechukwu, Uwem Inyang, Jessica Kafuko, George Greer, Lilia Gerberg, Megan Fotheringham, Hannah Koenker, Albert Kilian
Global Health: Science and Practice Jun 2018, 6 (2) 272-287; DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-17-00350
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Statistics from Altmetric.com

Jump to section

  • Article
    • ABSTRACT
    • BACKGROUND
    • METHODS
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • CONCLUSION
    • Acknowledgments
    • Notes
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Tables
  • Supplements
  • Info & Metrics
  • Comments
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets for Malaria Control in Myanmar and Nigeria: Lessons From the Past, Tools for the Future
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets for Malaria Control in Myanmar and Nigeria: Lessons From the Past, Tools for the Future
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Cost of Delivering Tetanus Toxoid and Tetanus-Diphtheria Vaccination in Vietnam and the Budget Impact of Proposed Changes to the Schedule
  • Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program's Contributions to the National HIV and TB Programs, 2015–2020
  • A Comprehensive Approach to Improving Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care in Kigoma, Tanzania
Show more ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Similar Articles

Subjects

  • Health Topics
    • Malaria
US AIDJohns Hopkins Center for Communication ProgramsUniversity of Alberta

Follow Us On

  • Twitter
  • Facebook
  • LinkedIn
  • RSS

Articles

  • Current Issue
  • Advance Access Articles
  • Past Issues
  • Topic Collections
  • Most Read Articles
  • Supplements

More Information

  • Submit a Paper
  • Instructions for Authors
  • Instructions for Reviewers
  • GH Journals Database

About

  • About GHSP
  • Advisory Board
  • FAQs
  • Privacy Policy
  • Contact Us

© 2023 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. ISSN: 2169-575X

Powered by HighWire