Figures & Tables
Figures
- FIGURE 1
Geographic Distribution of 2012 DHS (Displaced) Clusters and 2013 SPA Facilities Included in the Analysis
Abbreviations: DHS, Demographic and Health Survey; SPA, Service Provision Assessment.
- FIGURE 2
Percent Distribution of Women by Level of Availability of Facilities With Delivery Services Within the Buffer Distance,a Haiti, 2012–2013
a Low availability=no facility with delivery services within the buffer distance; medium availability=1 facility with delivery services within the buffer; high availability=2 or more facilities with delivery services within the buffer. The buffer distance was 5 km for urban clusters and 10 km for rural clusters.
- FIGURE 3
Distribution of Cluster-Level Median Readiness Scores Among Facilities Offering Delivery Services, by Residence, Haiti, 2012–2013
- FIGURE 4
Percentage of Women Who Delivered at a Facility by Availability of Facilities With Delivery Services Within the Buffer Distance,a Haiti, 2012–2013
a Low availability=no facility with delivery services within the buffer distance; medium availability=1 facility with delivery services within the buffer; high availability=2 or more facilities with delivery services within the buffer. The buffer distance was 5 km for urban clusters and 10 km for rural clusters.
- FIGURE 5
Percentage of Women Who Delivered at a Facility by Level of Readinessa at Facilities With Delivery Services Within the Buffer Distance,b Haiti, 2012–2013
a Low-, medium-, and high-level readiness=median readiness score of the facilities within the buffer falling in the bottom 33.3%, middle 33.3%, and top 33.3%, respectively. The buffer distance was 5 km for urban clusters and 10 km for rural clusters.
b Women living in clusters with no health facility offering delivery services within the buffer distance were excluded from this figure since the readiness score was applied only to clusters with 1 or more health facilities.
Tables
- TABLE 1. Percentage of Facilities Offering Delivery Services With Availability of Basic and Comprehensive Obstetric Care Services and Items, by Residence, Haiti, 2013
Rural % Other Urban % Metropolitan % Total % Basic obstetric care indicators Parenteral administration of antibiotics 68.9 78.0 94.9 77.9 Parenteral administration of oxytocic drug 86.5 95.1 94.9 91.8 Parenteral administration of anticonvulsants 40.5 67.1 48.7 53.3 Assisted vaginal deliverya 90.5 92.7 89.7 91.3 Manual removal of placenta 58.1 79.3 59.0 67.2 Manual removal of retained products 48.6 75.6 64.1 63.1 Neonatal resuscitation 51.4 72.0 53.8 60.5 Guidelines for IMPAC 21.6 31.7 12.8 24.1 Staff trained in IMPAC 48.6 53.7 46.2 50.3 Emergency transportaion 32.4 36.6 35.9 34.9 Sterilization equipment 75.7 84.1 87.2 81.5 Examination light 43.2 43.9 59.0 46.7 Delivery pack 87.8 92.7 87.2 89.7 Suction apparatus 93.2 98.8 79.5 92.8 Manual vacuum extractor 16.2 19.5 20.5 18.5 Vacuum aspirator or D&C kit 20.3 35.4 30.8 28.7 Newborn bag and mask 51.4 62.2 59.0 57.4 Delivery bed 97.3 100.0 94.9 97.9 Partograph 32.4 41.5 33.3 36.4 Gloves 93.2 93.9 89.7 92.8 Antibiotic eye ointment for newborns 66.2 84.1 66.7 73.8 Injectable uterotonic 62.2 74.4 64.1 67.7 Injectable antibiotics 89.2 92.7 94.9 91.8 Injectable magnesium sulphate 60.8 78.0 74.4 70.8 Skin disinfectant 60.8 81.7 61.5 69.7 Intravenous solution with infusion set 74.3 84.1 82.1 80.0 Regular reviews of maternal or newborn deaths 25.7 32.9 48.7 33.3 Comprehensive obstetric care indicators Cesarean delivery services 23.0 52.4 71.8 45.1 Blood transfusion 23.0 50.0 61.5 42.1 Guidelines for CEmOC adapted for Haiti 6.8 15.9 7.7 10.8 Staff member providing delivery trained in CEmOC 44.6 45.1 38.5 43.6 Anesthesia equipment 10.8 15.9 25.6 15.9 Incubator 10.8 23.2 23.1 18.5 Blood typing 17.6 42.7 56.4 35.9 Cross matching test 4.1 3.7 10.3 5.1 Blood supply sufficiency 12.2 19.5 20.5 16.9 Blood supply safety 16.2 37.8 53.8 32.8 Total number of facilities 74 82 39 195 Abbreviations: CEmOC, comprehensive emergency obstetric care; D&C, dilation and curettage; IMPAC, integrated management of pregnancy and childbirth.
↵a Assisted vaginal delivery was actually interpreted as "attended vaginal delivery" in the Haiti Service Provision Assessment.
- TABLE 2. Multivariable Model Results for the Regressions of Facility Delivery on Availability of Facilities With Delivery Services Within the Buffer, Controlling for Other Variables, Haiti, 2012–2013
Variables Rural Other Urban Odds Ratio 95% CI Odds Ratio 95% CI Availability of facilities with delivery services Low availability 1.00 1.00 Medium availability 1.89* 1.14, 3.13 3.83** 1.57, 9.31 High availability 3.56*** 2.23, 5.66 2.64* 1.13, 6.19 Mother's age at birth 1.06*** 1.03, 1.08 1.08*** 1.04, 1.13 Birth order 1 1.00 1.00 2–3 0.30*** 0.23, 0.39 0.30*** 0.19, 0.48 4–5 0.15*** 0.10, 0.22 0.23*** 0.12, 0.46 6+ 0.10*** 0.06, 0.17 0.14*** 0.05, 0.37 Education None 1.00 1.00 Primary 1.37 0.99, 1.89 0.95 0.48, 1.89 Secondary or higher 1.85** 1.27, 2.68 1.64 0.80, 3.35 Wealth quintile Lowest 1.00 NAa NAa Second 1.86*** 1.38, 2.50 NAa NAa Middle 2.99*** 2.12, 4.20 1.00 Fourth 5.72*** 3.61, 9.07 1.43 0.91, 2.25 Highest 10.73*** 4.83, 23.80 3.39*** 1.91, 6.04 Antenatal care visits None 1.00 1.00 1 4.46*** 2.05, 9.69 1.38 0.36, 5.29 2–3 3.90*** 2.09, 7.28 1.40 0.51, 3.82 4+ 6.75*** 3.71, 12.27 2.85* 1.13, 7.17 Departement Ouest 1.00 1.00 Sud-est 1.17 0.61, 2.23 2.96 0.73, 12.08 Nord 0.92 0.53, 1.60 1.83 0.64, 5.28 Nord-est 1.62 0.79, 3.32 1.74 0.53, 5.78 Artibonite 1.17 0.76, 1.78 1.37 0.49, 3.86 Centre 1.64 0.97, 2.78 1.42 0.39, 5.20 Sud 1.56 0.94, 2.59 1.90 0.52, 6.88 Grand'anse 1.21 0.57, 2.57 0.68 0.17, 2.73 Nord-ouest 1.04 0.56, 1.93 0.67 0.19, 2.39 Nippes 1.35 0.67, 2.70 1.71 0.26, 11.14 Number of clusters 241 85 Observations 2,878 829 - TABLE 3. Multivariable Model Results for the Regressions of Facility Delivery on Service Readiness of Facilities With Delivery Services, Controlling for Availability of Services and Other Variables, Haiti, 2012–2013
Variables Rural Other Urban Metropolitan Odds Ratio 95% CI Odds Ratio 95% CI Odds Ratio 95% CI Facilities' readiness to provide delivery servicesa Low readiness 1.00 1.00 1.00 Medium readiness 1.43 0.93, 2.18 1.74 0.71, 4.26 1.02 0.74, 1.41 High readiness 1.33 0.95, 1.85 2.74** 1.34, 5.60 1.41 0.96, 2.05 Availability of facilities with delivery servicesb Medium availability 1.00 1.00 NA High availability 1.94*** 1.38, 2.72 0.72 0.37, 1.41 NA Mother's age at birth 1.05*** 1.03, 1.08 1.09*** 1.05, 1.14 1.023 0.99, 1.05 Birth order 1 1.00 1.00 1.00 2–3 0.31*** 0.23, 0.42 0.28*** 0.17, 0.47 0.61** 0.43, 0.88 4–5 0.15*** 0.10, 0.24 0.22*** 0.10, 0.48 0.50* 0.29, 0.86 6+ 0.12*** 0.07, 0.20 0.17** 0.06, 0.49 0.42* 0.20, 0.91 Education None 1.00 1.00 1.00 Primary 1.47* 1.04, 2.08 0.91 0.42, 1.96 3.23*** 1.71, 6.12 Secondary or higher 2.06*** 1.39, 3.06 1.91 0.86, 4.24 5.01*** 2.63, 9.55 Wealth quintilec Lowest 1.00 NAc NAc NAc NAc Second 1.89*** 1.37, 2.61 NAc NAc NAc NAc Middle 3.04*** 2.11, 4.38 1.00 1.00 Fourth 5.72*** 3.56, 9.21 1.47 0.87, 2.46 1.05 0.68, 1.63 Highest 11.14*** 4.95, 25.07 2.82** 1.49, 5.35 2.56*** 1.55, 4.20 Antenatal care visits None 1.00 1.00 1.00 1 4.75*** 2.05, 10.99 2.02 0.47, 8.73 3.60* 1.25, 10.32 2–3 4.17*** 2.13, 8.17 2.16 0.69, 6.76 2.20* 1.12, 4.32 4+ 7.24*** 3.81, 13.79 3.88* 1.36, 11.05 3.95*** 2.17, 7.18 Departement Ouest 1.00 1.00 Sud-est 0.98 0.47, 2.03 1.00 0.11, 9.03 Nord 0.89 0.50, 1.57 2.00 0.57, 6.98 Nord-est 1.63 0.79, 3.39 2.37 0.55, 10.15 Artibonite 1.19 0.75, 1.88 1.60 0.46, 5.62 Centre 1.64 0.92, 2.92 1.92 0.46, 7.94 Sud 1.62 0.95, 2.76 2.46 0.48, 12.64 Grand'anse 0.97 0.40, 2.34 0.58 0.12, 2.79 Nord-ouest 1.02 0.54, 1.92 0.65 0.16, 2.68 Nippes 1.36 0.66, 2.81 2.67 0.31, 22.83 Number of clusters 201 69 59 Observations 2,571 802 650 ↵a Regressions excluded women living in clusters with no health facility offering delivery services within the buffer since the readiness score is applied only to clusters with 1 or more health facilities.
↵b Since the analysis excluded women living in clusters with no health facility offering delivery services within the buffer (i.e., the low availability group), the medium availability group was set as the reference.
↵c In the metropolitan and other urban areas, no women were in the first wealth quintile and very few women were in the second wealth quintile; they were combined into the third quintile.
↵***P<.001; **P<.01; *P<.05.
Supplements
SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 1. Operational Definitions of Service Readiness Indicators
SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 2. Percentage Distribution of Health Facilities That Provide Normal Delivery Services by Facility Background
SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 3. Characteristics of Women Who Have Had a Live Birth in the Five Years Preceding the Survey, Haiti DHS 2012
Files in this Data Supplement:
- Supplement 1 - Text s01, PDF
- Supplement 2 - Text s02, PDF
- Supplement 3 - Text s03, PDF
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