Figures & Tables
Figures
Students in Pakistan engage in the Right To Play curriculum through games and activities twice weekly.
The Right To Play intervention in Pakistan encouraged girls' engagement in sports by holding tournaments and community events.
- FIGURE
Percentage of Participants Exposed to Low-Violence and High-Violence Peer Perpetration and Victimization Using CDC Cutoffsa by Study Arm and Gender, Hyderabad, Pakistan, 2016
The Right To Play program in Pakistan focuses on 4 areas of child and youth development including physical, cognitive, social, and emotional components. At baseline, boys reported more depression and interpersonal and emotional problems than girls.
Tables
- TABLE 2.
Instruments to Measure Primary and Secondary Outcomes of the School-Based Positive Youth and Child Development Program, Hyderabad, Pakistan
Scale/Assessment Characteristics Alpha for Present Study School Victimization and Perpetration Multidimensional Peer-Victimization Scale22 16-item measure with 4 subscales assessing physical and verbal victimization, social manipulation, and property attacks.
Point values are assigned to responses: never=0; once=1; a few times=2; many times=3. Scale scores summed to a possible range of 0 to 48.Peer victimization overall=0.873
Physical=0.673
Verbal=0.642
Social manipulate=0.696
Property attacks=0.658
Peer Perpetration Scale22 16-item measure with 4 subscales assessing physical and verbal perpetration, social manipulation, and property attacks.
Point values are assigned to responses: never=0; once=1; a few times=2; many times=3. Scale scores summed to a possible range of 0 to 48.Peer perpetration overall=0.890
Physical=0.733
Verbal=0.696
Social manipulate=0.723
Property attacks=0.716
Location and Impact of Victimization Peer Victimization Location and Perpetrator Characteristics Scale 6 items on frequency of victimization in locations, i.e., inside or outside of school.
3 items on characteristics of perpetrator, i.e., older or more powerful.
Point values are assigned to responses: never=0; once=1; a few times=2; many times=3.These items were not considered a subscale and alpha was not calculated. Peer Victimization Impact 6 items on frequency of impact of peer victimization, i.e. feeling sick, not able to study.
Point values are assigned to responses: never=0; once=1; a few times=2; many times=3. Scale scores summed to a possible range of 0 to 18 for impact of victimization.Impact of victimization=0.603 Child Mental Health Children's Depression Inventory 2 (CDI 2) 23 28-item self-report questionnaire to assess the severity of current or recent (last 2 weeks) depressive symptoms.
Response options are rated on a 3-point scale as: 0=no symptom; 1=mild symptom; 2=definite symptom. Scale scores range from 0 to 56.Alpha=0.725 Investigator-Derived Questions Corporal Punishment at School 6 items on the frequency (i.e., never, once, 2–3 times, or 4 or more times) the youth was punished by a teacher (i.e., slapped, hit or beaten, made to run, kneel or stand).
Scale scores range from 0 to 24.Alpha=0.758 Parent Fighting 3 items on frequency (i.e., never, once, 2–3 times, or 4 or more times) child witnessed parent fighting, including father violence against the mother, father violence against other adults, mother violence against other family members. These items were not considered a subscale and alpha was not calculated. Child Attitudes Toward Child Punishment 5 items that assess child agreement (i.e., strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree) with events that deserve child punishment, such as disobeying parents and misbehaving at school.
Scale scores range from 0 to 15.Alpha=0.653 Child Attitudes Toward Gender Norms and Women's Participation 13 items that assesses child agreement (i.e., strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree) with gender norms, such as girls going to school, wives obeying husbands, husbands' right to punish wives, and women's participation in social events and employment.
Scale scores range from 0 to 39.Alpha=0.738 Child Physical Punishment at Home 2 items to assess parental physical punishment frequency (i.e., never, once, 2–3 times, 4 or more times) and severity to the child at home. Due to only 2 items, coefficient alpha was not determined. Family Life 9 items that assess food security, parent literacy, and home assets, such as electricity and water. Due to many of the items having a dissimilar metric and dichotomous responses, coefficient alpha was not determined. Early Marriage 3 items that assess if the child has been promised in marriage and age of marriage of older siblings. Due to only 2 items having a similar metric, coefficient alpha was not determined. Child School Performance 7 items that assess academic performance (i.e., below average, average, above average), number of absences from school, and reasons for absences. Alpha=0.642, for the 4 academic performance items that had a similar metric. - TABLE 3.
Background Characteristics of Study Participants by Gender and Study Arm, Hyderabad, Pakistan, 2016
Boys Girls Intervention Control Intervention Control Age N 446 375 480 447 Mean 12.53 12.49 12.16 12.39 SE 0.06 0.11 0.11 0.15 No. of people living in the home N 446 376 481 447 Mean 9.96 9.21 9.65 10.30 SE 0.20 0.47 0.27 0.41 No. of brothers N 443 376 483 447 Mean 2.77 2.61 2.21 2.21 SE 0.13 0.12 0.08 0.10 No. of sisters N 442 374 483 447 Mean 2.25 2.13 2.57 2.70 SE 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.13 Abbreviation: SE, standard error.
- TABLE 4.
Primary Outcome Measures Related to Peer Violence by Gender and Intervention and Control Arms, Hyderabad, Pakistan, 2016
Boys Girls Intervention Control Intervention Control Peer victimization scale sum N 422 370 462 434 Mean 12.32 12.75 7.89 6.32 SE 0.58 0.89 0.47 0.60 Peer perpetration scale sum N 428 369 468 442 Mean 7.42 7.27 3.48 2.85 SE 0.48 0.55 0.40 0.28 Peer victimization impact scale sum N 435 372 482 438 Mean 3.91 3.48 3.07 2.46 SE 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.23 CDI 2 scale N 445 373 481 443 Mean 11.07 10.97 9.52 8.79 SE 0.24 0.44 0.43 0.32 CDI 2 Total T-score N 445 372 478 443 Mean 56.87 56.60 55.40 53.75 SE 0.40 0.73 0.84 0.63 Abbreviations: CDI, Children's Depression Inventory; SE, standard error.
- TABLE 5.
Frequencies and Percentages of Types of Peer Victimization Items by Gender, Hyderabad, Pakistan, 2016
Types of Peer Victimization Boys, No. (%) Girls, No. (%) Called me bad names Never 387 (47.1) 596 (64.1) Once 156 (19.0) 157 (16.9) A few times (2 or 3) 128 (15.6) 86 (9.2) Many times (4 or more) 149 (18.1) 91 (9.8) Tried to get me into trouble with my friends Never 458 (55.7) 707 (76.0) Once 176 (21.4) 128 (13.8) A few times (2 or 3) 128 (15.6) 53 (5.7) Many times (4 or more) 57 (6.9) 38 (4.1) Took something of mine without permission Never 350 (42.6) 486 (52.3) Once 208 (25.3) 196 (21.1) A few times (2 or 3) 133 (16.2) 132 (14.2) Many times (4 or more) 126 (15.3) 112 (12.0) Made fun of me because of my appearance Never 544 (66.2) 762 (81.9) Once 132 (16.1) 97 (10.4) A few times (2 or 3) 88 (10.7) 43 (4.6) Many times (4 or more) 54 (6.6) 26 (2.8) Made fun of me for some reason apart from my appearance Never 490 (59.6) 713 (76.7) Once 181 (22.0) 124 (13.3) A few times (2 or 3) 95 (11.6) 61 (6.6) Many times (4 or more) 56 (6.8) 24 (2.6) Tripped me to make me fall Never 385 (46.8) 689 (74.1) Once 223 (27.1) 167 (18.0) A few times (2 or 3) 134 (16.3) 46 (4.9) Many times (4 or more) 77 (9.4) 28 (3.0) Pushed me to hurt me Never 399 (48.5) 634 (68.2) Once 205 (24.9) 173 (18.6) A few times (2 or 3) 139 (16.9) 80 (8.6) Many times (4 or more) 78 (9.5) 40 (4.3) Hurt me physically Never 497 (60.5) 720 (77.4) Once 189 (23.0) 145 (15.6) A few times (2 or 3) 85 (10.3) 43 (4.6) Many times (4 or more) 50 (6.1) 19 (2.0) Beat me so badly that I was injured Never 669 (81.4) 850 (91.4) Once 80 (9.7) 49 (5.3) A few times (2 or 3) 41 (5.0) 15 (1.6) Many times (4 or more) 30 (3.6) 12 (1.3) Deliberately broke something that belongs to me Never 462 (56.2) 653 (70.2) Once 214 (26.0) 183 (19.7) A few times (2 or 3) 88 (10.7) 65 (7.0) Many times (4 or more) 56 (6.8) 26 (2.8) Tried to make other children turn against me Never 376 (45.7) 557 (59.9) Once 218 (26.5) 195 (21.0) A few times (2 or 3) 126 (15.3) 93 (10.0) Many times (4 or more) 99 (12.0) 84 (9.0) Stole something from me Never 398 (48.4) 608 (65.4) Once 221 (26.9) 168 (18.1) A few times (2 or 3) 115 (14.0) 84 (9.0) Many times (4 or more) 85 (10.3) 63 (6.8) Refused to talk to me Never 478 (58.2) 597 (64.2) Once 178 (21.7) 199 (21.4) A few times (2 or 3) 97 (11.8) 83 (8.9) Many times (4 or more) 66 (8.0) 48 (5.2) Made other people not talk to me Never 485 (59.0) 655 (70.4) Once 169 (20.6) 141 (15.2) A few times (2 or 3) 108 (13.1) 83 (8.9) Many times (4 or more) 58 (7.1) 50 (5.4) Deliberately damaged something of mine Never 580 (70.6) 766 (82.4) Once 142 (17.3) 94 (10.1) A few times (2 or 3) 60 (7.3) 43 (4.6) Many times (4 or more) 38 (4.6) 25 (2.7) Swore at me Never 241 (29.3) 642 (69.0) Once 168 (20.4) 143 (15.4) A few times (2 or 3) 138 (16.8) 72 (7.7) Many times (4 or more) 274 (33.3) 73 (7.8) - TABLE 6.
Frequencies and Percentages of Types of Peer Perpetration by Gender, Hyderabad, Pakistan, 2016
Types of Peer Perpetration Boys, No. (%) Girls, No. (%) Called another child bad names Never 373 (45.4) 614 (66.0) Once 243 (29.6) 214 (23.0) A few times (2 or 3) 118 (14.4) 70 (7.5) Many times (4 or more) 87 (10.6) 30 (3.2) Tried to get another child into trouble with friends Never 629 (76.5) 837 (90.0) Once 119 (14.5) 68 (7.3) A few times (2 or 3) 44 (5.4) 17 (1.8) Many times (4 or more) 29 (3.5) 7 (0.8) Upset or annoyed another child by taking something of theirs without permission Never 567 (69.0) 749 (80.5) Once 152 (18.5) 138 (14.8) A few times (2 or 3) 67 (8.2) 31 (3.3) Many times (4 or more) 35 (4.3) 11 (1.2) Made fun of another child because of their appearance Never 518 (63.0) 760 (81.7) Once 192 (23.4) 126 (13.5) A few times (2 or 3) 86 (10.5) 30 (3.2) Many times (4 or more) 26 (3.2) 13 (1.4) Made fun of another child for some reason apart from their appearance Never 506 (61.6) 733 (78.8) Once 179 (21.8) 145 (15.6) A few times (2 or 3) 107 (13.0) 37 (4.0) Many times (4 or more) 29 (3.5) 14 (1.5) Tripped another child to make him or her fall Never 551 (67.0) 809 (87.0) Once 185 (22.5) 90 (9.7) A few times (2 or 3) 61 (7.4) 20 (2.2) Many times (4 or more) 25 (3.0) 10 (1.1) Pushed another child to hurt him or her Never 581 (70.7) 798 (85.8) Once 151 (18.4) 104 (11.2) A few times (2 or 3) 56 (6.8) 20 (2.2) Many times (4 or more) 31 (3.8) 7 (0.8) Hurt another child physically Never 628 (76.4) 858 (92.3) Once 122 (14.8) 55 (5.9) A few times (2 or 3) 50 (6.1) 7 (0.8) Many times (4 or more) 19 (2.3) 9 (1.0) Beat another child so badly that they were injured Never 693 (84.3) 894 (96.1) Once 83 (10.1) 28 (3.0) A few times (2 or 3) 24 (2.9) 3 (0.3) Many times (4 or more) 20 (2.4) 2 (0.2) Deliberately broken something that belong to another child Never 606 (73.7) 821 (88.3) Once 165 (20.1 85 (9.1) A few times (2 or 3) 28 (3.4) 17 (1.8) Many times (4 or more) 22 (2.7) 5 (0.5) Tried to make other children turn against another child Never 575 (70.0) 774 (83.2) Once 167 (20.3) 126 (13.5) A few times (2 or 3) 55 (6.7) 22 (2.4) Many times (4 or more) 21 (2.6) 7 (0.8) Stolen something from another child Never 697 (84.8) 862 (92.7) Once 86 (10.5) 49 (5.3) A few times (2 or 3) 24 (2.9) 9 (1.0) Many times (4 or more) 9 (1.1) 8 (0.9) Refused to talk to another child Never 500 (60.8) 627 (67.4) Once 207 (25.2) 243 (26.1) A few times (2 or 3) 84 (10.2) 41 (4.4) Many times (4 or more) 30 (3.6) 19 (2.0) Made other children not talk to another child Never 572 (69.6) 777 (83.5) Once 158 (19.2) 97 (10.4) A few times (2 or 3) 63 (7.7) 39 (4.2) Many times (4 or more) 27 (3.3) 15 (1.6) Deliberately damaged something of another child's Never 665 (80.9) 861 (92.6) Once 100 (12.2) 48 (5.2) A few times (2 or 3) 33 (4.0) 15 (1.6) Many times (4 or more) 21 (2.6) 5 (0.5) Swear at another child Never 427 (51.9) 795 (85.5) Once 198 (24.1) 86 (9.2) A few times (2 or 3) 114 (13.9) 30 (3.2) Many times (4 or more) 82 (10.0) 18 (1.9) - TABLE 7.
Random Effects Linear Regression Model of Gender, Study Group, and their Interaction Predicting Key Peer Violence Scales With Pairwise Comparisons, Hyderabad, Pakistan, 2016
Predictors Peer Victimization Peer Perpetration Victimization Impact Child Depression Child Depression
T-Scoreβ P β P β P β P β P Gender, Boy (ref: female) 6.3 <.001 3.78 <.001 0.95 0.008 2.13 <.001 2.85 0.002 Group, Intervention (ref: control) 1.6 0.04 0.61 0.19 0.62 0.09 0.81 0.12 1.69 0.08 Interaction: −1.79 0.17 −0.15 0.86 −0.08 0.87 −0.6 0.4 −1.3 0.31 Gender & Group (ref: female & control) Group Comparisonsa Contrast P Contrast P Contrast P Contrast P Contrast P Boys: Control vs. Intervention 0.19 0.86 −0.47 0.51 −0.54 0.09 −0.21 0.68 −0.39 0.64 Girls: Control vs. Intervention −1.6 0.04 −0.61 0.19 −0.62 0.09 −0.81 0.12 −1.69 0.08 Note: All coefficients reported are unstandardized betas.
↵a Pairwise comparisons of marginal linear predictions
