Figures & Tables
Tables
- TABLE 1. Percentage Distribution of Women by Sociodemographic Characteristics in Baseline Survey, Cambodia, 2011
Full Sample (N = 1,936) Voucher Areas (N = 961) Non-Voucher Areas (N = 975) P Value Age, years, mean 29.2 29.4 29.1 15–19 2.4 2.5 2.3 .84 20–24 22.1 19.9 24.3 .02 25–29 31.8 32.0 31.5 .79 30–34 23.4 24.6 22.3 .23 35–39 11.8 13.8 9.9 .007 40–45 8.5 7.2 9.7 .04 Education level No school 17.4 18.0 16.7 .46 Primary school 58.8 59.2 58.5 .74 Secondary school (up to grade 9) 20.3 18.8 21.6 .13 High school (grades 10–12) or higher 3.5 4.0 3.2 .36 Occupational status Unemployed 12.5 13.2 11.8 .35 Agriculture 61.3 59.9 62.7 .22 Informal 9.2 9.7 8.8 .52 Formal 17.0 17.2 16.7 .79 Religion Buddhism 98.3 96.9 99.6 ≤.001 Others 1.7 3.1 0.4 ≤.001 Household size 0–4 47.3 53.2 47.7 .70 5 or more 52.7 46.8 52.3 .70 No. of living children 0 1.2 0.6 1.7 .02 1 35.3 33.7 36.9 .14 2 28.3 30.9 25.6 .01 3 or more 35.2 34.8 35.8 .67 Wealth quintile Q1, Poorest 20.9 18.5 23.2 .01 Q2 20.4 18.6 22.1 .05 Q3 20.3 22.5 18.1 .02 Q4 19.7 23.4 16.1 ≤.001 Q5, Richest 18.7 17.0 20.5 .05 - TABLE 2. Contraceptive Use (%) by Type of Contraceptive Method Among Married Women of Reproductive Age, Baseline Survey, 2011
Method Full Sample (N = 1,936) Voucher Areas (N = 961) Non-Voucher Areas (N = 975) P Value None 71.8 73.7 70.0 .07 Traditional 4.4 3.9 4.8 .35 Modern 23.8 22.4 25.2 .14 Short-acting methods 21.3 20.6 22.1 .44 Pill/emergency pill 11.7 10.6 12.8 .13 Male/female condoms 1.0 0.7 1.2 .26 Injectables 8.6 9.3 8.1 .32 LARCs 1.7 1.4 1.9 .30 IUD 1.1 0.4 1.6 .008 Implants 0.6 1.0 0.3 .08 Permanent methods 0.8 0.4 1.2 .05 Abbreviation: IUD, intrauterine device; LARCs, long-acting reversible contraceptives.
Note the nested nature of the table for the modern method category: the percentages for the pill, condoms, and injectables sum to the short-acting methods percentage while the percentages for the IUD and implants sum to the LARCs percentage. Similarly, the percentages for short-acting methods, LARCs, and permanent methods sum to the modern methods percentage.
- TABLE 3. Current Use of Contraceptive Methods (%) by Sociodemographic Characteristics Among Married Women of Reproductive Age, Baseline Survey, 2011
Type of Method Sample Size (n) None Traditional Modern Short-Acting LARCs PMs Age group, years 15–19 47 76.6 0.0 23.4 21.3 2.1 0.0 20–24 428 75.5 2.6 21.9 21.0 0.9 0.0 25–29 615 71.7 4.6 23.7 21.3 1.8 0.6 30–34 453 69.5 4.4 26.1 22.3 2.2 1.6 35–39 229 69.9 6.6 23.5 20.5 1.3 1.7 40–45 164 70.1 6.7 23.2 20.8 1.8 0.6 Education level No school 336 72.0 4.2 23.8 21.1 0.9 1.8 Primary 1,139 70.3 3.5 26.2 23.5 1.9 0.8 Secondary 392 75.3 6.9 17.8 16.1 1.5 0.2 High school or higher 69 75.4 5.8 18.8 15.9 2.9 0.0 Wealth quintile Q1, poorest 404 67.1 3.7 29.2 26.7 0.8 1.7 Q2 395 71.1 3.8 25.1 22.5 2.0 0.6 Q3 392 70.2 3.8 26.0 23.2 1.8 1.0 Q4 382 73.0 5.5 21.5 19.6 1.6 0.3 Q5, richest 363 78.2 5.2 16.6 13.8 2.2 0.6 No. of living children 0 23 91.3 0.0 8.7 8.7 0.0 0.0 1 684 78.1 3.7 18.2 17.8 0.4 0.0 2 547 68.6 4.0 27.4 24.5 2.7 0.2 3 or more 682 67.5 5.6 27.0 22.7 2.1 2.2 Abbreviations: LARCs, long-acting reversible contraceptives; PMs, permanent methods.
- TABLE 4. Difference-in-Differences Analysis: Change in Use of Contraceptive Methods (%) Between Baseline (2011) and Endline (2013) in Voucher and Non-Voucher Areas
Method Voucher Areas Non-Voucher Areas DID Baseline (n = 961) Endline (n = 993) Baseline (n = 975) Endline (n = 993) Crude (Unadjusted) P Value (of Adjusted DID Estimatea) None 73.7 63.5 70.0 62.7 −2.9 .41 Traditional 3.9 4.9 4.8 6.3 −0.5 .79 Modern 22.4 31.6 25.2 31.0 3.4 .32 Short-acting 20.6 23.8 22.1 26.7 −1.4 .47 modern LARCs 1.4 6.7 1.9 3.5 3.7 .002 Permanent 0.4 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.1 .05 methods Abbreviations: DID, difference-in-differences; LARCs, long-acting reversible contraceptives.
↵a We opted not to present the adjusted DID point estimates with these associated P values because the adjusted estimates do not have an intuitive interpretation as the crude estimates do, which are the arithmetic difference-in-differences. Adjusted DID point estimates are available upon request.
- TABLE 5. Adjusted Odds Ratios From the Logistic Regression Models Predicting Use of Modern Contraceptives, LARCs, and Permanent Methods
Covariates Use of Modern Methodsa P Value Use of LARCs or PMsb P Value AOR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI) Area (0 = non-voucher; 1 = voucher) 0.73 (0.59, 0.91) .005 0.55 (0.29, 1.05) .07 Year (0 = baseline; 1 = endline) 1.24 (1.00, 1.53) .05 1.11 (0.66, 1.88) .69 Interaction (area*year) 1.35 (1.00, 1.81) .05 3.32 (1.54, 7.15) .002 Age group, years (ref: 15–19) 20–24 0.87 (0.52, 1.45) .59 2.25 (0.28, 18.02) .44 25–29 0.71 (0.42, 1.19) .19 2.29 (0.28, 18.44) .44 30–34 0.73 (0.43, 1.24) .24 1.85 (0.23, 15.22) .57 35–39 0.70 (0.40, 1.23) .22 2.16 (0.25, 18.29) .48 40–45 0.78 (0.43, 1.40) .41 1.37 (0.16, 12.00) .78 Education level (ref: no school) Primary 1.23 (1.00, 1.52) .05 0.60 (0.39, 0.95) .03 Secondary 0.92 (0.71, 1.20) .54 0.87 (0.49, 1.52) .62 High school or higher 0.74 (0.48, 1.14) .17 1.25 (0.50, 3.11) .64 Employment status (ref: unemployed) Agriculture 1.16 (0.96, 1.40) .13 0.88 (0.57, 1.34) .54 Informal 1.34 (1.01, 1.78) .04 1.22 (0.66, 2.26) .52 Formal 1.49 (1.16, 1.90) ≤.001 1.04 (0.60, 1.80) .82 No. of living children (ref: 3 or more) 0 0.08 (0.02, 0.32) ≤.001 No observation 1 0.54 (0.43, 0.68) ≤.001 0.23 (0.13, 0.43) ≤.001 2 0.96 (0.79, 1.16) .65 0.51 (0.33, 0.78) .002 Social health protection (ref: no social health protection program) Health Equity Fund 1.87 (1.54, 2.26) ≤.001 1.07 (0.68, 1.69) .77 Any other social health protection program 1.47 (1.19, 1.82) ≤.001 1.46 (0.91, 2.34) .11 Wealth quintile (ref: Q1, poorest) Q2 0.94 (0.75, 1.17) .56 0.99 (0.60, 1.65) .98 Q3 0.98 (0.78, 1.22) .85 1.16 (0.70, 1.93) .55 Q4 0.90 (0.71, 1.13) .35 0.98 (0.57, 1.71) .95 Q5, richest 0.79 (0.62, 1.02) .07 1.50 (0.83, 2.74) .18 Religion (ref: other) 0.65 (0.37, 1.11) .12 0.61 (0.22, 1.67) .34 Constant 0.05 (0.01, 0.24) ≤.001 0.20 (0.02, 2.19) .19 Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; LARCs, long-acting reversible contraceptives; PMs, permanent methods.
↵a Among all married women in the sample.
↵b Among those who used any type of contraceptive method in the last 12 months; LARCs and permanent methods grouped together for simplicity of interpretation.
- TABLE 6. Changes in Use of LARCs (%) Between Baseline (2011) and Endline (2013) by Selected Characteristics
Voucher Areas Non-Voucher Areas Baseline (n = 961) Endline (n = 993) Baseline (n = 975) Endline (n = 993) All married women 1.4 6.7 1.9 3.5 Age group, years 15–19 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 20–24 5.4 4.7 0.8 2.8 25–29 6.7 6.3 1.9 4.1 30–34 7.0 7.0 2.3 3.3 35–39 9.3 9.1 3.1 3.6 40–45 8.8 8.6 2.1 6.4 Education level No school 1.1 11.8 0.6 4.8 Primary 0.9 6.0 2.8 2.9 Secondary 2.2 5.6 0.9 4.5 High school or higher 5.3 5.8 0.0 3.2 Wealth quintile Q1, poorest 1.1 8.8 0.4 3.1 Q2 1.7 7.9 2.3 3.4 Q3 0.9 5.1 2.8 4.3 Q4 0.4 6.5 3.2 2.9 Q5, richest 3.0 5.1 1.5 3.9 No. of living children 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 0.3 3.3 0.6 1.8 2 2.0 7.3 3.6 4.1 3 or more 1.8 11.0 2.3 5.5 Abbreviation: LARCs, long-acting reversible contraceptives.
In this issue
Increasing Uptake of Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives in Cambodia Through a Voucher Program: Evidence From a Difference-in-Differences Analysis
