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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Open Access

Feasibility and Effectiveness of mHealth for Mobilizing Households for Indoor Residual Spraying to Prevent Malaria: A Case Study in Mali

Keith Mangam, Elana Fiekowsky, Moussa Bagayoko, Laura Norris, Allison Belemvire, Rebecca Longhany, Christen Fornadel and Kristen George
Global Health: Science and Practice June 2016, 4(2):222-237; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-15-00381
Keith Mangam
aAbt Associates, U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), Africa Indoor Residual Spraying (AIRS) Project, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Elana Fiekowsky
aAbt Associates, U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), Africa Indoor Residual Spraying (AIRS) Project, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Moussa Bagayoko
bAbt Associates, PMI AIRS Project, Bamako, Mali
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Laura Norris
cU.S. Agency for International Development, PMI, Washington, DC, USA
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Allison Belemvire
cU.S. Agency for International Development, PMI, Washington, DC, USA
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Rebecca Longhany
cU.S. Agency for International Development, PMI, Washington, DC, USA
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Christen Fornadel
cU.S. Agency for International Development, PMI, Washington, DC, USA
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Kristen George
cU.S. Agency for International Development, PMI, Washington, DC, USA
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Figures & Tables

Figures

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  • FIGURE 1
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    FIGURE 1

    Flow of Activities for Mobile‐Messaging Mobilization Approach, Koulikoro District, Mali, May–September 2014

    Abbreviation: IRS, indoor residual spraying.

  • FIGURE 2
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    FIGURE 2

    Flow of Activities for Door‐to‐Door Mobilization Approach, Koulikoro District, Mali, May–September 2014

    Abbreviation: IRS, indoor residual spraying.

  • FIGURE 3
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    FIGURE 3

    Literacy and Text‐Messaging Capabilities of Beneficiaries, Koulikoro District, Mali, May–September 2014 (N=673)

Tables

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    • View popup
    TABLE 1 Text Message Pretest Results for the Indoor Residual Spraying Campaign, Koulikoro District, Mali, May–September 2014
    VillageMessage Received and UnderstoodMessage Received and Not ReadBeneficiary Unavailable at Time of SurveyBeneficiary IlliterateMessage Received and Deleted Before ReadingTotal, No. (%)
    Tienfala Gare2900011 (55)
    Tienfala Village112004 (20)
    Fougadougou010315 (25)
    Total, No. (%)3 (15)11 (55)2 (10)3 (15)1 (5)20 (100)
  • FrenchBambara (Local Language)English
    Sample Pre-Spray Messages
    Les habitants de Tienfala ceci est un message pour vous informer que la campagne PID 2014 va commencer le 11 Aout 2014. Vous serez informé sur le calendrier de la campagne sur votre téléphone, les mesures à prendre avant, pendant et après la campagne. Tous unis pour une meilleure campagne de PID.Anw Balima Tienfala Kaw so fiye baaraw bi da mine uti Kalo kile 11 Tienfala mara la. Kuna foni be di aw ma a ka telephoni ka campagni boloda bara hougoumou kono na waleya mounou kan ka ta sani campagne ka se ani campagne konona la ani ni campagne temena.
    Aw ni tie aw ka timinandiya la.
    Residents of Tienfala, this message is to inform you that the Spray campaign will start on August 11th, 2014. You will be informed about the timing of the campaign on your phone, the measures to be taken before, during and after the campaign. All together for a better spray campaign.
    Préparer votre structure à temps, tous les objets et meubles doivent être sortis de la structure ou rassemblés au centre et couverts afin de permettre à l’opérateur d’accéder facilement aux murs de la pièce.Sokonominenw bee be labo kenema: tobiliminenw, finiw, dumininfenw, minen minuw dulo ne do kogow la.Minen girinmanw minnu talika gelen, olu be fara nogokan so cemance la, ku datugu kane. Obatofiyeli kela be seka sokono na soro nogoyala.Prepare your structure at time, all objects and furniture must be removed from the structure and gathered in the center and covered to allow the spray operator easy access in the structure to spray.
    La PID est gratuite, tous les frais sont pris en charge par l’USAID (fonds du peuple américain).So fiye ye fu ye a moussaka be taledo lamericainw ka deme diekouloufe no bi wele ko USAID.The Indoor Residual Spraying is free, all the costs are supported by USAID (funds of the American people).
    Sample Mid-Spray Message
    Mettre tous les animaux domestiques en cage/dans un enclos hors de la maison, tenez éloigne les enfants pendant la pulvérisation.Du denw bee ani du banga misenniw, ni chiyew bee be to kene ma fiyeli waati.Fiyelikela mana tila aw be so da tugou kane.Put all animals out of the house and keep children away while spraying.
    Sample Post-Spray Messages
    Laver à l’eau et au savon les tissus qui ont servi à couvrir les objets pendant la pulvérisation.Fini minuw kera ka minnen girimaw datugu, o bee be ko ka je ni safine ye.Wash with soap and water fabrics that were used to cover objects during spraying.
    Laisser les portes et les fenêtres fermées pendant au moins 2 heures après la PID.Fiyeli bane ko fe, aw be daw ani finetiriw tugulen to, fo ka tase lere fila ma.Keep doors and windows closed for at least 2 hours after the spray.
    Eviter de peindre, de mettre de l’enduit et de laver les murs pour préserver l’efficacité de l’insecticide.So fiyelen kofe, aw man ka ka sow konona mu walima ku pintiri walima ku ko, walasa fennenamafagalan fanga kana ban.Avoid painting, plastering, or washing the walls to preserve the effectiveness of the insecticide.
    • View popup
    TABLE 2 Number of Messages Sent During the Pilot Indoor Residual Spraying Campaign, Koulikoro District, Mali, May–September 2014
    VillageTypes of Messages SentNo. of Beneficiary Phone NumbersNo. of Text Messages SentNo. of Text Messages Sent per Beneficiary Phone NumberNo. of Voice Messages SentNo. of Voice Messages Sent per Beneficiary Phone Number
    Tienfala VillageText only1811,7601000
    Tienfala GareVoice + Text3443,290103,29010
    FougadougouVoice + Text1481,18481,1848
    Total6736,2349.3 (mean)4,4749.1 (mean)
    • View popup
    TABLE 3 Indoor Residual Spray Coverage and Household Preparedness in Pilot and Comparison Villages, Koulikoro District, Mali, May–September 2014
    VillageNo. of Structures TargetedNo. of Structures SprayedSpray CoverageNo. of Structures PreparedStructure Preparation Coverage
    Mobile-Messaging Mobilization
    Fougadougou16313683%6640%
    Tienfala Gare26221281%14455%
    Tienfala Village (text only)15114093%7147%
    Subtotal57648885%28149%
    Door-to-Door Mobilization
    Fassa25524998%19978%
    Wolongotoba Socoro37234292%23062%
    Wolongotoba Socoura25024799%23293%
    Subtotal87783896%66175%
    • View popup
    TABLE 4 Operational Costs for Mobile-Messaging Mobilization for the Pilot Indoor Residual Spraying Campaign, Koulikoro District, Mali, May–September 2014
    DescriptionNo. of PeopleNo. of DaysUnit Cost (XOF)Total Cost (XOF)Total Cost (USD)
    Training
    Enumeration training5110,000.0050,000.00100.00
    Food during training1213,500.0042,000.0084.00
    Enumeration
    Data collection in the field431,500.0018,000.0036.00
    DTC supervision (per diem)1510,000.0050,000.00100.00
    Data entry clerk1108,000.0080,000.00160.00
    Operational Costs for TextIt/VOTO Mobilea
    Software services1--612.241.22
    Mop-Up (revisiting unsprayed structures in all 3 villages)
    Spray operators533,000.0045,000.0090.00
    Team leader133,500.0010,500.0021.00
    Supervisor135,000.0015,000.0030.00
    DTC health official135,000.0015,000.0030.00
    GRAND TOTAL326,112.24652.22
    • Abbreviations: DTC, Health Center Technical Director; USD, U.S. Dollar; XOF, CFA Franc.

    • ↵a These costs were estimated taking the overall costs associated with running the TextIt/VOTO Mobile applications and dividing it across all 735 villages in the project intervention areas that would be included in a full project roll out. This number was then multiplied by 3 to estimate the costs for the 3 treatment villages.

    • View popup
    TABLE 5 Cost of Sending Text and Voice Messages per Structure for the Pilot Indoor Residual Spraying Campaign, Koulikoro District, Mali, May–September 2014
    VillageNo. of Structures IdentifiedaNo. of Text Messages SentNo. of Voice Messages SentTotal Cost of Text and Voice Messages (USD)>Voice Recording Costs (USD)Cost of Messages per Structure (USD)Operational Cost per Structure (USD)Total Costb per Structure (USD)
    Tienfala Village (text only)1511,760088.000.000.581.131.71
    Tienfala Gare and Fougadougou (text + voice)4254,4744,4741,207.98320.003.601.134.73
    • ↵a By spray operators during the first week.

    • ↵b Comprises costs of sending text and voice messages and recording voice messages as well as operational costs.

    • View popup
    TABLE 6 Costs of Door-to-Door Mobilization for the Pilot Indoor Residual Spraying Campaign, Koulikoro District, Mali, May–September 2014
    DescriptionNo. of People or UnitsNo. of VillagesNo. of DaysUnit Cost (XOF)Total Cost (XOF)Total Cost (USD)
    FIXED COSTS
    Per diem for DTC for IEC TOT1331,071.43a9,64319.29
    DTC accommodation1331,428.5712,85725.71
    District coordinator133159.36b1,4342.87
    Per diem for NMCP/DNACPN staff333159.36c4,3038.61
    Abt staff for IEC TOT133646.03d5,81411.63
    Meals1331,145.0010,30220.60
    Logistics IEC TOT - car rental133874.837,87315.75
    Logistics IEC TOT - fuel133336.473,0286.06
    Venue hire133201.881,8173.63
    Communication fees (subscription)13423.961,2722.54
    Office supplies----25,00050.00
    Radio spots600e13.468,07516.15
    Subtotal6,460.3691,418182.84
    VARIABLE COSTS
    Mobilizer training costs13315,000.00135,000270.00
    Mobilizer daily salary13101,500.0045,00090.00
    Per diem for DTC supervision13110,000.0030,00060.00
    Town crier13151,000.0045,00090.00
    Subtotal255,000510.00
    GRAND TOTAL346,418692.84
    • Abbreviations: DNACPN, Direction Nationale de l'Assainissement et du Contrôle des Pollutions et des Nuisances (National Directorate for Sanitation and Pollution Control); DTC, Health Center Technical Director; IEC, information, education, and communication; NMCP, National Malaria Control Program; TOT, training of trainers; USD, U.S. Dollar; XOF, CFA Franc.

    • ↵a For DTC-related expenses, their unit costs were calculated by dividing the normal cost for 1 DTC supervisor by 14 villages. DTC personnel supervise 14 villages on average.

    • ↵b The expenses for district coordinators were divided across all 251 villages in Koulikoro District.

    • ↵c The NMCP/DNACPN staff covered the entirety of Koulikoro District; thus, their cost was divided by Koulikoro’s 251 villages.

    • ↵d Total cost for the Abt staff, meals, car rental, fuel, venue hire, and radio spots were divided across all 735 in the project intervention areas in order to arrive at the unit costs listed.

    • ↵e This number is based on 30 different radio spots that were broadcast over 20 different radio stations.

    • View popup
    TABLE 7 Cost per Structure Prepared for the Pilot Indoor Residual Spraying Campaign, Koulikoro District, Mali, May–September 2014
    VillageNo. of Structures TargetedMobilization Costs (USD)No. of Structures Prepared% Structures PreparedCost per Structure Prepared (USD)
    Door-to-Door Mobilization Villages
    Fassa255201.4519978.04%1.01
    Wolongotoba Socoro372293.8823061.83%1.28
    Wolongotoba Socoura250197.5023292.80%0.85
    Mobile-Messaging Mobilization Villages
    Fougadougou163771.006640.49%11.68
    Tienfala Gare2621,239.2614454.96%8.61
    Tienfala Village (text only)151258.217147.02%3.64
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Global Health: Science and Practice: 4 (2)
Global Health: Science and Practice
Vol. 4, No. 2
June 20, 2016
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Feasibility and Effectiveness of mHealth for Mobilizing Households for Indoor Residual Spraying to Prevent Malaria: A Case Study in Mali
Keith Mangam, Elana Fiekowsky, Moussa Bagayoko, Laura Norris, Allison Belemvire, Rebecca Longhany, Christen Fornadel, Kristen George
Global Health: Science and Practice Jun 2016, 4 (2) 222-237; DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-15-00381

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Feasibility and Effectiveness of mHealth for Mobilizing Households for Indoor Residual Spraying to Prevent Malaria: A Case Study in Mali
Keith Mangam, Elana Fiekowsky, Moussa Bagayoko, Laura Norris, Allison Belemvire, Rebecca Longhany, Christen Fornadel, Kristen George
Global Health: Science and Practice Jun 2016, 4 (2) 222-237; DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-15-00381
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