Figures & Tables
Figures
A woman attending infant immunization services in Rwanda also receives screening for family planning services.
- FIGURE 1.
Conceptual Framework of Anticipated Intervention Effects Based on the Health Belief Model
Abbreviations: FP, family planning; IEC, information, education, and communication; PPFP, postpartum family planning.
In Rwanda, clients review the integration project's brochure about family planning while awaiting immunization for their infants.
- FIGURE 2.
CONSORT Flow Diagram for Rwanda Postpartum Family Planning–Immunization Integration Study
Abbreviation: PP, postpartum.
a Women were recruited if their babies were between 6 months to 1 year old (180–365 days), as calculated by their birthdate. In a handful of cases, mothers of infants who were near but outside the range of 180–365 days completed interviews because they reported their infants as being of eligible age, but the age differed slightly once calculated in days and were thus excluded from analyses.
- FIGURE 3
Average Number of Measles Immunizations per Month, by Study Group, During the Service Integration Intervention Period, From August 2010 to September 2011
In Rwanda, a nurse provides information on postpartum family planning during a group education session while the women wait for immunization services.
Tables
Characteristic Baseline Endline Control (n = 403) Intervention (n = 403) Control (n = 422) Intervention (n = 426) Age of mother, years, mean 27.9 28.4 27.4 28.5 No. of months postpartum, mean 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 Married/living with partner, % 96.5 97.5† 93.8 93.4† Currently works outside the home, % 64.3 68.7 60.0 51.6 Literate, % 77.2 80.0 78.4 79.8 Education, % None 14.9 12.9 18.5 14.8 Primary 69.2 74.0 67.5 73.7 Secondary or more 15.9 12.7 14.0 11.5 Religion, % Catholic 40.7 49.1 35.8 46.5 Protestant 33.0 35.0 41.7 39.0 7th Day Adventist 15.6 10.7 15.6 8.9 Muslim 5.7 2.0 1.4 2.1 Other 4.0 2.7 5.4 3.5 No. of living children, mean 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.7 ↵† Statistically significant difference between baseline and endline within group at P=.05.
- TABLE 2 Modern Contraceptive Use and Unmet Need for Contraception by Intervention Group and Time
Baseline Endline Control (n = 403) Intervention (n = 403) Control (n = 422) Intervention (n = 426) Currently using a modern method, % 57.5 49.0† 50.7¥ 57.0†¥ Injectables 38.6 28.4 29.2 31.0 Pills 8.2 12.4 6.9 10.6 Male condoms 5.0 3.4 7.1 7.5 Implants 3.2 2.5 4.7 4.2 Standard Days Method 1.5 1.7 1.0 1.0 IUD 0.5 0.0 1.0 1.1 Female sterilization 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.2 Male sterilization 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Female condoms 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 Sexually active, % 92.8 91.5 94.1 92.7 Desires pregnancy in <2 years, % 4.3 2.6 4.0 3.8 Unmet need for contraception, % 38.2 48.4 45.3 39.2 Unmet need to space 16.4 24.8 19.9 19.2 Unmet need to limit 21.8 23.6 25.4 20.0 - TABLE 3 Three Linear Mixed Models of Modern Contraceptive Use Over Time, for Intervention Group Alone, Control Group Alone, and Comparing Intervention With Control Group
(Outcome is current method use) Regression Estimate 95% CI 90% CI Intervention only (Endline–Baseline) 0.09† -0.004, 0.19 0.01, 0.17 Control only (Endline–Baseline) -0.01 -0.16, 0.04 -0.14, 0.02 Difference of differences 0.15†† 0.01, 0.29 0.04, 0.26 - TABLE 4 Bivariate Analyses of Health Belief Model (HBM) Concepts and Contraceptive Method Use Using Linear Mixed Models
HBM Concept Regression Estimate Perceived susceptibility to unplanned pregnancy 0.24† Perceived severity of unplanned pregnancy 0.04† Perceived benefits of FP 0.06† Perceived barriers to receiving FP service -0.14 ↵† P = .05.
Model accounts for clustering by facility and facility*time.
- TABLE 5 Postpartum Women’s Perspectives on Integration of Family Planning and Immunization Services and Satisfaction With Immunization Services at Endline, % Who Agreed With Statements
Intervention (n = 427) Control (n = 426) Perspectives on integration It is good to get information about family planning options when I bring my baby for immunization. 97.9 97.9 I prefer to get both baby immunization and family planning on the same day rather than to come to the health facility on different days. 73.3 75.4 If my husband knew I received family planning information during immunization service, he would be unhappy. 9.1 10.8 Satisfaction with immunization services Immunization provider treated me respectfully. 98.6 98.1 Immunization provider gave me an opportunity to ask any health-related questions. 28.6 16.7 Immunization provider helped me get needed health information. 36.3 22.5 Wait time to see the provider who provided my child’s immunization was acceptable. 85.7 86.9 Overall satisfaction with the service received during visit Not satisfied at all 1.2 2.1 Somewhat unsatisfied 2.8 1.4 Somewhat satisfied 21.8 18.8 Very satisfied 74.2 77.7
GHSP-D-15-00291 Supplementary Material
Client brochure. doi: 10.9745/GHSP-D-15-00291
- Supplementary Material - Client brochure. doi: 10.9745/GHSP-D-15-00291
- Supplementary Material - Provider job aid. doi: 10.9745/GHSP-D-15-00291
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