Figures & Tables
Figures
- FIGURE 1.
Types Included in the Standard DHS Wealth Index and in Each Alternative Simplified Index
Abbreviation: DHS, Demographic and Health Survey.
* Alternative E may contain some common questions from the DHS VI questionnaire and/or some country‐specific variables. See main body of the article for further details.
- FIGURE 2.
Example Simplified Wealth Asset Questionnaires for Alternative E for Bangladesh and Benin
Tables
- TABLE 1 Number of Survey Questions Required for the Standard DHS Wealth Index and for Each Alternative Simplified Index
Country, Survey Type and Year Variables Includeda Number of Survey Questions Standard DHS Index Standard DHS Index Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D Alternative E Bangladesh, DHS 2011 CS, U/R, H, A 33 25 17 22 30 8 Benin, DHS 2011–12 CS, U/R, H, A 41 31 21 28 30 6 Cambodia, DHS 2010 CS, H 30 29 21 26 26 14 Cameroon, DHS 2011 CS, U/R, H, A 47 31 21 28 30 9 Ethiopia, DHS 2011 CS, U/R, H, A 36 29 20 26 25 14 Malawi, MIS 2012 U/R, H, A 25 26 19 23 19 17 Mozambique, DHS 2011 U/R, H, A 33 29 21 26 21 10 Nepal, DHS 2011 CS, U/R, H, A 44 30 20 27 29 10 Nigeria, DHS 2013 CS, U/R, H, A 26 30 21 27 28 11 Pakistan, DHS 2012–13 CS, U/R, H, A 47 29 21 26 34 14 Philippines, DHS 2013 CS, U/R 30 19 19 19 25 9 Rwanda, MIS 2013 CS, U/R, H, A 38 28 19 25 19 15 Senegal, DHS 2012-13 CS, U/R, H, A 41 28 19 25 28 18 Tanzania, AIS 2012–13 CS, U/R, H, A 37 31 21 28 24 8 Uganda, DHS 2011 CS, U/R, H, A 41 30 20 27 28 10 Zimbabwe, DHS 2010–11 CS, U/R, H, A 38 28 21 25 26 16 Abbreviations: AIS, AIDS Indicator Survey; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey; MIS, Malaria Indicator Survey.
↵a Variables included in the original DHS analysis, beyond the core variables from the DHS VI questionnaire. CS, country-specific; U/R, urban and rural areas analyzed separately before combining; H, Hectares or land area; A, animals.
- TABLE 2 Reliability Between the Standard DHS Wealth Index and Each Alternative Index Included in the Preliminary Analysis
Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Alternative D Country Agreement Kappa Agreement Kappa Agreement Kappa Agreement Kappa Bangladesh 73.20% 0.665 68.10% 0.601 60.00% 0.500 83.22% 0.790 Benin 85.40% 0.818 83.30% 0.791 83.90% 0.799 83.30% 0.791 Cambodia 73.20% 0.665 78.90% 0.736 75.20% 0.690 85.26% 0.816 Cameroon 81.10% 0.764 78.60% 0.733 79.10% 0.738 84.40% 0.805 Ethiopia 65.90% 0.574 62.10% 0.526 62.60% 0.533 69.30% 0.616 Malawi 88.60% 0.857 73.10% 0.664 64.80% 0.560 73.10% 0.664 Mozambique 87.90% 0.848 78.70% 0.734 74.50% 0.681 78.70% 0.734 Nepal 74.60% 0.682 77.60% 0.720 77.20% 0.714 87.55% 0.844 Nigeria 76.40% 0.705 72.20% 0.652 77.00% 0.712 74.86% 0.686 Pakistan 74.20% 0.678 73.50% 0.669 71.80% 0.648 89.22% 0.865 Philippines 79.20% 0.740 78.40% 0.730 78.40% 0.730 88.17% 0.854 Rwanda 88.80% 0.860 78.20% 0.728 71.40% 0.642 78.20% 0.728 Senegal 80.90% 0.761 76.40% 0.705 80.50% 0.754 77.45% 0.718 Tanzania 81.50% 0.769 80.30% 0.753 75.10% 0.689 85.34% 0.817 Uganda 76.50% 0.708 72.60% 0.657 69.00% 0.612 86.92% 0.837 Zimbabwe 86.50% 0.832 81.70% 0.772 78.70% 0.734 80.73% 0.759 Median 80.05% 0.751 77.90% 0.724 76.10% 0.701 83.26% 0.791 Range 65.90% to 88.80% 0.574 to 0.860 62.10% to 83.30% 0.526 to 0.791 60.00% to 71.80% 0.500 to 0.648 69.30% to 89.20% 0.616 to 0.865 Abbreviation: DHS, Demographic and Health Survey.
- TABLE 3 Reliabilitya of the National Wealth Distribution Between the Standard DHS Wealth Index and Each of 3 Alternative Indices Recommended by the Expert Panel Group
Alternative B Alternative D Alternative E Country Agreement Kappa Agreement Kappa Agreement Kappa Bangladesh 82.50% 0.727 90.74% 0.855 84.17% 0.753 Benin 91.02% 0.860 91.02% 0.860 84.91% 0.764 Cambodia 87.66% 0.807 92.23% 0.879 88.36% 0.818 Cameroon 88.20% 0.816 90.99% 0.859 85.26% 0.770 Ethiopia 75.97% 0.624 80.95% 0.702 84.73% 0.761 Malawi 83.44% 0.741 83.44% 0.741 84.30% 0.755 Mozambique 89.75% 0.840 89.75% 0.840 86.09% 0.783 Nepal 87.13% 0.799 94.08% 0.907 86.44% 0.788 Nigeria 87.52% 0.805 89.21% 0.831 85.22% 0.768 Pakistan 85.99% 0.781 94.47% 0.914 86.29% 0.786 Philippines 87.55% 0.805 93.09% 0.892 85.09% 0.766 Rwanda 86.83% 0.794 86.83% 0.794 84.13% 0.752 Senegal 87.92% 0.811 88.22% 0.816 86.22% 0.785 Tanzania 88.93% 0.827 92.12% 0.877 84.65% 0.756 Uganda 83.84% 0.748 92.88% 0.889 85.70% 0.777 Zimbabwe 91.48% 0.867 90.79% 0.856 85.46% 0.773 Median 87.53% 0.805 90.89% 0.856 85.24% 0.769 Range 75.97% to 91.48% 0.624 to 0.867 80.95% to 94.47% 0.702 to 0.914 84.13% to 88.36% 0.752 to 0.818 ↵a Reliability assessed after grouping the 5 wealth quintiles into 3 groups: the lowest 40% (Q1+Q2), middle 20% (Q3), and richest 40% (Q4+Q5).
- TABLE 4 Reliabilitya of the Urban Wealth Distribution Between the Standard DHS Wealth Index and Each of 3 Alternative Indices Recommended by the Expert Panel Group
Urban B Urban D Urban E Country Agreement Kappa Agreement Kappa Agreement Kappa Bangladesh 83.69% 0.745 91.75% 0.871 85.00% 0.766 Benin 90.18% 0.847 91.91% 0.874 85.11% 0.768 Cambodia 86.34% 0.787 90.76% 0.856 85.37% 0.771 Cameroon 82.82% 0.732 86.15% 0.827 85.69% 0.776 Ethiopia 86.93% 0.796 88.10% 0.814 85.39% 0.771 Malawi 87.42% 0.803 87.42% 0.803 93.96% 0.906 Mozambique 94.54% 0.915 94.54% 0.915 89.01% 0.828 Nepal 87.26% 0.801 92.95% 0.890 84.26% 0.754 Nigeria 84.57% 0.759 89.43% 0.835 84.26% 0.754 Pakistan 78.41% 0.663 94.17% 0.909 84.27% 0.754 Philippines 84.39% 0.756 92.51% 0.883 85.24% 0.769 Rwanda 94.86% 0.920 94.86% 0.920 93.62% 0.900 Senegal 81.86% 0.717 86.79% 0.794 85.30% 0.770 Tanzania 91.01% 0.860 92.33% 0.880 83.95% 0.750 Uganda 81.55% 0.712 93.22% 0.894 84.12% 0.752 Zimbabwe 42.14% 0.593 75.02% 0.610 83.96% 0.750 Median 85.46% 0.773 91.83% 0.873 85.17% 0.769 Range 42.14% to 94.54% 0.593 to 0.920 75.02% to 94.86% 0.610 to 0.920 83.95% to 94.00% 0.750 to 0.906 ↵a Reliability assessed after grouping the 5 wealth quintiles into 3 groups: the lowest 40% (Q1+Q2), middle 20% (Q3), and richest 40% (Q4+Q5).
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