Figures & Tables
Figures
- FIGURE 1.
Pair-Matched Randomization of Clusters Based on Geography and Radio Penetration Rate
Adapted from Wikipedia.
- FIGURE 2.
Prevalence of Target Behaviors at Baseline
Abbreviations: ACT/QN, artemisinin‐based combination therapy/quinine; ANC, antenatal care; CI, confidence interval; HWWS, hand washing with soap; ITN, insecticide‐treated bed net; ORS, oral rehydration solution.
- FIGURE 3.
Radio Listenership and Campaign Recognition at Midline (%, 95% CI)
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
- FIGURE 4.
Correlation Between Changes in Targeted Behaviors and Broadcasting Intensity (Intention‐to‐Treat Analysis)
Abbreviations: ACT/QN, artemisinin‐based combination therapy/quinine; ANC, antenatal care; DiD, difference‐in‐difference; HMS, homemade solution; HWWS, hand washing with soap; ITN, insecticide‐treated bed net; ORS, oral rehydration solution.
Numbers in charts pertain to the targeted behaviors: (1) 4 or more ANC visits, (2) Savings‐Pregnancy, (3) Facility delivery, (4) Breastfeeding within 1 h, (5) 1st bath 24 h or more, (6) Exclusive breastfeeding, (7) Complementary feeding, (8) Growth monitoring, (9) Care seeking: Fever, (10) Care seeking: Fast/difficult breathing, (11) Care seeking: Diarrhea, (12) ACT/QN‐Fever, (13) Antibiotic‐Fast/difficult breathing, (14) ORS/more liquids‐Diarrhea, (15) HMS‐Diarrhea, (16) ITN use‐Children, (17) Bed net use‐Pregnancy, (18) Latrine ownership, (19) Stools' safe disposal, (20) HWWS.
Tables
- TABLE 1 Target Behaviors and Broadcasting Intensity Up to the Month Preceding the Midline Survey (October 2013)
Target Behaviors No. of Weeks for Short Spots No. of Long-Format Modules Maternal health 4 or more ANC visits 3 32 Saving money during pregnancy 3 32 Health facility delivery 5 25 Newborn health Breastfeeding initiation within 1 hour after birth 6 25 First bath delayed for 24 hours or more after birth in low birth weight infants 1 7 Child nutrition Exclusive breastfeeding in 0- to 5-month-old children 5 51 Complementary feeding in 6- to 11-month-old children 4 29 Growth monitoring in 0- to 23-month-old children 4 20 Health care seeking for childhood illnesses Health care seeking for fever 10 41 Health care seeking for pneumonia 7 43 Health care seeking for diarrhea 12 79 Diarrhea home treatment ORS or increase in fluids for diarrhea 12 79 Bed net use Bed net use among under-5 children and pregnant women 6 85 Sanitation Household latrine ownership 2 68 Safe disposal of children's stool 3 68 Hand washing with soap 8 55 Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care; ORS, oral rehydration solution.
- TABLE 2 Other Major Programs Implemented in Intervention and Control Clusters at Time of DMI Radio Campaign Midline Survey (November 2013)
Cluster Programs/Organizations by Health Sector Nutrition Sanitation Community Case Management Intervention clusters Banfora El Mundo – – Bogande NUTRIFASO program; GRET; Action Contre la Faim (ACF); Programme Alimentaire Modial (PAM) SaniFaso program – Djibo Croix Rouge (Red Cross) Oxfam – Kantchari ACF; PAM ACF – Ouahigouya Terre des Hommes – UNICEF Sapouy – – – Solenzo – – – Control clusters Boromo – SaniFaso program; WaterAid – Gayeri NUTRIFASO program; PAM SaniFaso program – Kongoussi The Hunger Project Plan International UNICEF Koudougou PAM – – Nouna UNICEF – – Po – – – Pouytenga – Plan International – - TABLE 3 Baseline Sociodemographic Characteristics, Distance to Health Facility, and Radio Ownership Among Sampled Women
Control Arma Intervention Armb Baseline (N = 2,567) Midline (N = 2,586) Baseline (N = 2,476) Midline (N = 2,596) Sociodemographic characteristics Age, mean, y 28.9 30.0 28.4 29.2 Resident for 5 years or more in the village, % 80.3 88.2 83.6 86.4 Ethnicity, % Mossi 42.1 43.6 30.1 32.2 Gourmantche 11.5 12.3 26.9 27.1 Gourounssi 22.1 23.7 3.2 1.8 Peulh 6.5 5.7 17.0 16.6 Gouin/Karaboro/Turka 0.2 0.1 13.9 13.9 Marka/Dafing/Dioula 8.4 7.0 3.5 3.3 Bwaba/Bobo 7.5 6.0 3.3 3.6 Other 1.6 1.7 2.1 1.6 Religion, % Muslim 47.2 43.4 60.1 59.5 Catholic/Protestant 45.0 49.5 26.4 28.0 Animist 7.8 7.1 13.5 12.5 School attendance, % 15.6 15.7 10.2 8.4 Income-generative activity in the past 2 weeks, % 34.9 39.0 29.3 31.8 Household socioeconomic status, %c 1 (poorest) 14.2 – 18.8 – 2 16.6 – 20.6 – 3 19.3 – 20.2 – 4 21.8 – 20.1 – 5 (least poor) 28.1 – 20.3 – Two or more under-5 children, % 39.4 35.5 46.4 42.8 Married, % 97.1 98.0 98.3 99.0 Polygamous union, % 39.6 39.7 40.3 44.2 Distance to the closest health facility, % <2 km 39.5 47.1 18.3 16.3 2–5 km 33.2 28.9 28.2 26.1 >5 km 27.4 24.0 53.4 57.6 Radio ownership, % No radio 20.5 35.1 13.2 21.9 Radio in the compound 16.7 18.4 22.3 26.2 Radio in the household 62.8 46.4 64.5 51.9 ↵a At baseline: 36 missing values for age; 13 for number of children; 10 for ethnicity; 9 for socioeconomic status; 5 for residence, religion, school attendance, income-generative activity, and marital status; 8 for radio ownership. At midline: 4 missing values for radio ownership; 3 for age; 2 for religion and marital status; 1 for number of children, school attendance, and income-generative activity.
↵b At baseline: 23 missing values for age; 18 for socioeconomic status; 17 for number of children; 13 for radio ownership; 9 for religion; 7 for ethnicity; 6 for residence, school attendance, income-generative activity, and marital status. At midline: 3 missing values for radio ownership; 1 missing value for religion.
↵c Household socioeconomic status was measured only at baseline.
Cluster-Level DiD Analysis Adjusted for Baseline Prevalence Adjusted for Baseline Prevalence and Confounder Score Behaviors Survey Control Arm
No. (%)Intervention Arm
No. (%)Crude DiD DiD (95% CI) P Value DiD (95% CI) P Value Maternal health 4 or more ANC visits BS 2562 (50.8) 2470 (37.0) MD 1012 (61.0) 1212 (48.4) 1.2 -3.5 (-17.8, 10.9) .61 -5.6 (-23.7, 12.5) .50 Saving money during the pregnancy BS 2562 (62.8) 2474 (56.4) MD 1012 (67.4) 1212 (69.8) 8.8 9.8 (1.0, 18.6) .03 12.8 (1.4, 24.2) .03 Health facility delivery BS 2562 (81.8) 2470 (56.0) MD 1012 (92.4) 1212 (65.3) -1.3 1.1 (-11.0, 13.2) .85 -1.0 (-12.6, 10.6) .85 Newborn health Breastfeeding initiation within 1 hour after birth BS 2556 (32.6) 2463 (26.8) MD 1003 (31.2) 1194 (31.5) 6.1 8.5 (-6.7, 23.6) .24 9.0 (-16.9, 34.9) .46 First bath delayed for 24 hours or more after birth BS 2556 (55.9) 2463 (49.3) MD 1003 (66.0) 1194 (52.0) -7.4 -5.5 (-16.3, 5.4) .29 -3.4 (-19.1, 12.4) .64 Health care seeking in a health facility or with a CHW (2 weeks prior to interview) Fever BS 735 (63.7) 637 (50.2) MD 777 (73.1) 744 (65.9) 6.3 4.2 (-7.9, 16.3) .46 5.0 (-9.7, 19.6) .47 Fast/difficult breathing BS 302 (56.6) 381 (44.4) MD 203 (70.9) 180 (62.8) 4.1 -2.9 (-27.0, 21.2) .80 10.5 (-18.0, 39.1) .43 Diarrhea BS 559 (57.8) 514 (44.9) MD 264 (65.5) 349 (65.0) 12.4 12.0 (-2.0, 26.1) .09 17.5 (2.5, 32.5) .03 Treatment (2 weeks prior to interview) ACT or quinine IM/IV for fever BS 735 (17.3) 639 (16.9) MD 797 (34.6) 766 (32.8) -1.4 -4.1 (-12.7, 4.5) .32 0.0 (-11.5, 11.5) >.99 Antibiotic for fast/difficult breathing BS 302 (28.2) 382 (27.0) MD 210 (33.8) 188 (45.2) 12.6 13.8 (-7.9, 35.5) .19 29.6 (3.5, 55.7) .03 ORS or more liquids for diarrhea BS 560 (41.1) 516 (30.6) MD 274 (42.0) 354 (55.9) 24.4 14.9 (2.0, 27.8) .03 9.5 (-5.6, 24.7) .19 Homemade solutions for diarrhea BS 560 (6.8) 516 (6.8) MD 275 (6.2) 362 (8.3) 2.1 3.3 (-6.2, 12.9) .46 3.2 (-10.5, 16.8) .62 Nutrition Exclusive breastfeeding (day prior to interview, 0–5 months old) BS 428 (44.6) 450 (42.4) MD 323 (61.6) 361 (50.4) -9.0 -10.3 (-24.3, 3.6) .13 -8.7 (-28.2, 10.8) .34 Complementary feeding (day prior to interview, 6–11 months old) BS 418 (55.5) 411 (49.9) MD 313 (57.8) 394 (52.3) 0.1 -3.3 (-17.4, 10.7) .61 -10.0 (-27.6, 7.7) .24 Growth monitoring (past 6 months, 0–23 months old) BS 1525 (59.7) 1615 (51.1) MD 1358 (66.3) 1513 (58.1) 0.4 0.1 (-11.1, 11.4) .98 -2.6 (-17.3, 12.0) .70 Bed net use Children under an ITN the night prior to interview BS 2567 (60.3) 2475 (58.5) MD 2585 (91.4) 2596 (87.8) -1.8 -2.7 (-8.9, 3.5) .35 -3.9 (-12.4, 4.7) .34 Women under a bed net during their last pregnancy BS 2560 (65.6) 2468 (62.5) MD 2586 (79.2) 2594 (80.0) 3.9 2.1 (-5.3, 9.5) .55 -0.6 (-10.6, 9.3) .89 Sanitation Household latrine ownership BS 2559 (19.5) 2458 (25.0) MD 2585 (27.8) 2596 (35.2) 1.9 0.0 (-11.2, 11.3) >.99 6.0 (9.3, 21.4) .40 Safe disposal of children's last stoolsa BS 2566 (14.1) 2475 (15.3) MD 2562 (19.1) 2577 (21.2) 0.9 0.2 (-6.4, 6.8) .95 2.4 (-7.0, 11.8) .58 Hand washing with soap the last time women cleaned their child who defecated BS 2535 (37.5) 2401 (36.4) MD 2428 (45.6) 2426 (44.2) -0.3 -1.6 (-21.0, 17.8) .86 -10.5 (-35.9, 14.9) .38 Abbreviations: ACT, artemisinin-based combination therapy; ANC, antenatal care; BS: Baseline survey; CHW, community health worker; CI, confidence interval; DiD, difference-in-difference; IM/IV, intramuscular/intravenous; MD: Midline survey; ORS, oral rehydration solution.
↵a Defined when the child used a latrine or when the stool was thrown into a latrine or buried.
- TABLE 5 Number of Attendances for Targeted Health Services in Primary Health Facilities Located in Control (N = 40) and Intervention (N = 37) Arms, Based on Routine Health Facility Data, 2011 and 2013
Arm 2011 2013 % Change From 2011 to 2013 P Value 4 ANC visits Control 4,490 4,682 4 Intervention 6,283 6,723 7 .75 Health facility deliveries Control 10,054 10,105 1 Intervention 11,911 12,928 9 .54 All-cause under-5 child consultations Control 67,172 78,265 17 Intervention 78,892 104,535 33 .40
GHSP-D-15-00153 Supplementary Material
Sarrassat et al. doi: 10.9745/GHSP-D-15-00153
- Supplementary Material - Sarrassat et al. doi: 10.9745/GHSP-D-15-00153
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