Figures & Tables
Figures
- FIGURE 1
Contraceptive Prevalence Rates at Initial and Latest Surveys,a by Wealth Quintile, 46 Low- and Middle-Income Countries
a Survey years varied by country, ranging from 1990 in the initial surveys to 2013 in the latest surveys.
- FIGURE 2
Gap (in Percentage Points) Between Richest and Poorest Quintiles in the Contraceptive Prevalence Rate, and Gap Reduction From Initial to Latest Survey,a 46 Low- and Middle-Income Countries
a Survey years varied by country, ranging from 1990 in the initial surveys to 2013 in the latest surveys.
- APPENDIX FIGURE 3
Quintile Membership by Rural and Urban Residence: Illustrative Example From Indonesia, 2012
Tables
Region/Country Initial Survey Year Latest Survey Year Region/Country Initial Survey Year Latest Survey Year sub‐Saharan Africa North Africa/West Asia Benin 1996 2006 Armenia 2000 2010 Burkina Faso 1998‐99 2010 Egypt 1995 2008 Cameroon 1991 2011 Jordan 1990 2009 Chad 1996‐97 2004 Morocco 1992 2003‐04 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 2011‐12 Central Asia Eritrea 1995 2002 Kazakhstan 1995 1999 Ethiopia 2000 2011 South & Southeast Asia Gabon 2000 2012 Bangladesh 1993‐94 2011 Ghana 1993 2008 Cambodia 2000 2010 Guinea 1999 2005 India 1992‐93 2005‐06 Kenya 1993 2008‐09 Indonesia 1997 2012 Lesotho 2004 2009 Nepal 1996 2011 Madagascar 1997 2008 Pakistan 1990‐91 2012‐13 Malawi 1992 2010 Philippines 1993 2008 Mali 1995‐96 2006 Viet Nam 1997 2002 Mozambique 1997 2011 Latin America & Caribbean Namibia 1992 2006‐07 Bolivia 1994 2008 Niger 1998 2006 Colombia 1990 2010 Nigeria 1990 2008 Dominican Republic 1996 2007 Rwanda 1992 2010 Guatemala 1995 1998‐99 Senegal 1997 2010‐11 Haiti 1994‐95 2012 Tanzania 1996 2010 Honduras 2005‐06 2011‐12 Uganda 1995 2011 Nicaragua 1998 2001 Zambia 1996 2007 Peru 1991‐92 2012 Zimbabwe 1994 2010‐11 - TABLE 2 Two Types of Changesa in Quintile Gaps for Contraceptive Use, Illustrative Examples From Ethiopia and Eritrea
Ethiopia: Rising Gaps Eritrea: Declining Gaps Gap at Initial Survey Gap at Latest Survey Gap Change Gap at Initial Survey Gap at Latest Survey Gap Change CPR Poor 3.5 13.3 9.8 2.5 1.7 −0.8 Rich 28.3 51.8 23.5 25.5 20.4 −5.1 Gap 24.8 38.5 13.7 23.0 18.7 −4.3 mCPR Poor 2.7 13.0 10.3 0.3 1.4 1.1 Rich 22.9 48.2 25.3 18.9 17.9 −1.0 Gap 20.2 35.2 15.0 18.6 16.5 −2.1 ↵a The rising CPR and mCPR gaps in Ethiopia are a reflection of larger gains among the rich than among the poor. On the other hand, in Eritrea the CPR and mCPR fell among both quintiles but more so in the wealthiest quintile, resulting in shrinking gaps.
- TABLE 3 List of Countries According to Type of Change in the CPR Gap and CPR Decrease or Increase Between Surveys, Q1 (Poorest) Compared With Q5 (Richest)
Increasing CPR Gap Decreasing CPR Gap TOTAL Both rates fell 0 Q1 fell; Q5 fell more: 2 2 Eritrea Senegal Both rates rose Q1 rose; Q5 rose more: 7 Q1 rose; Q5 rose less: 26 33 Ethiopia Bangladesh Kenya Guatemala Bolivia Lesotho Mozambique Cambodia Madagascar Nigeria Colombia Malawi Rwanda Côte d'Ivoire Morocco Tanzania Dominican Rep. Namibia Uganda Egypt Nepal Guinea Nicaragua Haiti Pakistan Honduras Peru India Philippines Jordan Zambia Kazakhstan Zimbabwe Mixed Q1 fell; Q5 rose: 5 Q1 rose; Q5 fell: 6 11 Armenia Gabon Benin Ghana Burkina Faso Indonesia Cameroon Mali Chad Niger Viet Nam TOTAL 12 34 46 - TABLE 4 Initial and Latest Gaps (in Percentage Points) Between Richest and Poorest Quintiles and Gap Changes Between Initial and Latest Survey, for the Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) and Modern Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (mCPR), 46 Low- and Middle-Income Countries
CPR mCPR Country, Latest Survey Year Gap at Initial Survey Gap at Latest Survey Gap Change Gap at Initial Survey Gap at Latest Survey Gap Change sub-Saharan Africa Benin, 2006 17.0 25.9 −8.9 7.7 10.8 −3.1 Burkina Faso, 2010 16.7 30.0 −13.3 14.3 26.5 −12.2 Cameroon, 2011 31.2 38.3 −7.1 11.8 23.3 −11.5 Chad, 2004 6.6 10.3 −3.7 4.7 7.3 −2.6 Côte d'Ivoire, 2011–12 24.5 16.3 8.2 11.4 12.2 −0.8 Eritrea, 2002 23.0 18.7 4.3 18.6 16.5 2.1 Ethiopia, 2011 24.8 38.5 −13.7 20.2 35.2 −15.0 Gabon, 2012 23.1 14.9 8.2 12.6 10.0 2.6 Ghana, 2008 22.4 17.2 5.2 13.7 9.0 4.7 Guinea, 2005 13.4 11.8 1.6 8.2 10.0 −1.8 Kenya, 2008–09 37.0 34.6 2.4 34.8 31.0 3.8 Lesotho, 2009 36.9 31.6 5.3 37.8 32.3 5.5 Madagascar, 2008–09 39.9 37.4 2.5 21.5 18.8 2.7 Malawi, 2010 15.9 14.3 1.6 13.3 13.5 −0.2 Mali, 2006 19.2 15.4 3.8 14.8 13.6 1.2 Mozambique, 2011 16.8 27.4 −10.6 16.0 26.6 −10.6 Namibia, 2006–07 48.6 39.2 9.4 51.5 38.8 12.7 Niger, 2006 18.9 10.0 8.9 17.3 13.5 3.8 Nigeria, 2008 18.9 31.8 −12.9 11.7 19.8 −8.1 Rwanda, 2010 8.8 14.0 −5.2 6.3 11.1 −4.8 Senegal, 2010–11 20.6 19.7 0.9 22.6 18.5 4.1 Tanzania, 2010 26.3 27.7 −1.4 24.0 18.5 5.5 Uganda, 2011 22.3 31.5 −9.2 23.7 26.4 −2.7 Zambia, 2007 20.5 13.7 6.8 25.9 17.7 8.2 Zimbabwe, 2010–11 19.5 10.3 9.2 24.6 11.2 13.4 Mean 22.9 23.2 −0.3 18.8 18.9 −0.1 North Africa/West Asia Armenia, 2010 −2.4 9.2 −11.6 13.7 16.3 −2.6 Egypt, 2008 30.7 10.0 20.7 29.2 10.4 18.8 Jordan, 2009 30.0 11.8 18.2 22.8 12.6 10.2 Morocco, 2003–04 40.4 11.6 28.8 30.4 5.4 25.0 Mean 24.7 10.7 14.0 24.0 11.2 12.9 Central Asia Kazakhstan, 1999 12.8 4.5 8.3 5.8 6.2 −0.4 South & Southeast Asia Bangladesh, 2011 13.3 −0.7 14.0 8.2 −1.8 10.0 Cambodia, 2010 23.1 10.8 12.3 12.9 −3.8 16.7 India, 2005–06 29.7 25.3 4.4 25.7 23.4 2.3 Indonesia, 2012 13.7 5.1 8.6 10.7 2.4 8.3 Nepal, 2011 31.4 19.2 12.2 29.2 13.3 15.9 Pakistan, 2012–13 30.2 25.0 5.2 22.0 13.5 8.5 Philippines, 2008 17.4 9.2 8.2 15.7 7.2 8.5 Viet Nam, 2002 16.9 3.2 13.7 8.5 −6.3 14.8 Mean 22.0 12.1 9.8 16.6 6.0 10.6 Latin America & Caribbean Bolivia, 2008 45.7 24.6 21.1 39.9 23.9 16.0 Colombia, 2010 30.9 4.5 26.4 27.4 6.4 21.0 Dominican Rep., 2007 13.8 5.6 8.2 12.5 2.8 9.7 Guatemala, 1998–99 60.1 64.5 −4.4 51.7 54.3 −2.6 Haiti, 2012 23.6 1.3 22.3 16.0 −2.2 18.2 Honduras, 2011–12 20.0 8.8 11.2 23.5 12.3 11.2 Nicaragua, 2001 27.0 22.0 5.0 24.0 20.8 3.2 Peru, 2012 36.5 1.0 35.5 37.8 17.6 20.2 Mean 32.2 16.5 15.7 29.1 17.0 12.1 Overall Mean 24.3 18.6 5.7 20.4 15.4 5.0 - TABLE 5 Initial and Latest Levels of Contraceptive Use, by Region, for the Poorest Quintile
Region Initial CPR Level CPR Rise Latest CPR Level Ratio, Latest/Initial Initial mCPR Level mCPR Rise Latest mCPR Level Ratio, Latest/Initiala Overall Mean 20.6 12.3 32.9 1.9 13.8 12.7 26.5 3.5 Median 14.6 10.6 31.8 1.7 5.5 10.3 24.3 2.6 sub-Saharan Africa Mean 9.5 7.6 17.1 2.0 4.6 9.6 14.2 4.2 Median 8.0 4.5 13.3 2.0 2.1 6.3 11.6 3.9 North Africa/West Asia Mean 34.0 21.1 55.1 2.0 19.2 21.2 40.3 2.1 Median 27.4 27.1 54.5 2.0 16.7 22.6 44.0 2.1 Central Asia Kazakhstan 52.8 10.9 63.7 1.2 43.8 5.1 48.9 1.1 South & Southeast Asia Mean 31.7 16.0 47.7 1.7 25.7 13.5 39.2 1.8 Median 28.3 13.2 43.7 1.5 20.3 10.6 35.4 1.6 Latin America & Caribbean Mean 33.6 19.1 52.8 1.9 24.1 18.2 42.3 3.8 Median 38.9 18.8 53.7 1.8 24.1 18.2 45.1 2.4 Abbreviations: CPR, contraceptive prevalence rate; mCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate.
↵a These ratios average the 46 individual country ratios. They do not reconcile with the average starting and ending levels in the same row since those smooth out the overall numerators and denominators of the ratios. It is preferable to use the 46 individual country ratios.
- TABLE 6 Correlations (r Values) for Relation of Family Planning Program Efforts to Gap Changes Between Richest and Poorest Quintiles and to Contraceptive Use by the Poorest, 46 Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Gap Change CPR mCPR CPR for Poorest Quintile mCPR for Poorest Quintile sub-Saharan Africa (N=25 Countries) Total Effort Score 2009 0.58 0.49 0.43 0.43 2004 (0.04) 0.12 0.13 0.21 1999 0.26 0.39 0.36 0.42 1994 0.38 0.45 0.43 0.44 Mean 0.30 0.36 0.34 0.38 Access Score 2009 0.55 0.52 0.60 0.61 2004 0.09 0.25 0.24 0.29 1999 0.34 0.49 0.38 0.41 1994 0.19 0.39 0.42 0.43 Mean 0.29 0.41 0.41 0.44 All Other Countries (N=21 Countries) Total Effort Score 2009 0.25 0.41 0.32 0.47 2004 0.19 0.29 0.29 0.50 1999 0.20 0.22 0.28 0.36 1994 (0.02) — 0.28 0.38 Mean 0.16 0.23 0.29 0.43 Access 2009 0.32 0.35 0.44 0.53 2004 0.05 0.01 0.45 0.56 1999 0.32 0.09 0.40 0.26 1994 (0.11) (0.25) 0.22 0.23 Mean 0.15 0.05 0.38 0.40 - TABLE 7 Gaps Between the Poorest and Richest Quintiles (Poor Minus Rich) at Initial and Latest Surveya and Gap Changes, by Reproductive Health Indicator, 46 Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Reproductive Health Indicator Gap at Initial Survey Gap at Latest Survey Gap Reduction % Improvement % with no antenatal care 30.7 19.6 11.1 36.1 % not told of pregnancy complications 27.9 20.9 7.0 25.1 % not receiving iron or syrup 31.7 24.3 7.4 23.2 % not receiving tetanus 21.9 14.8 7.1 32.3 % not delivering in health facility 48.3 49.1 (0.7) (1.6) % lacking skilled attendant at birth 51.4 46.8 4.6 8.9 % with distance problem 52.6 35.5 17.1 32.5 Perinatal mortality 14.4 9.6 4.8 33.1 Infant mortality rate 37.1 24.2 13.0 34.9 Under-5 mortality rate 66.8 46.8 20.0 30.0 Total fertility rate 2.9 2.9 0.03 0.9 Wanted fertility rate 2.1 1.9 0.2 8.8 Want to limit childbearing (7.1) (2.5) 4.6 64.4 Ideal no. of children 1.38 1.28 0.10 7.4 Ideal no. of children at ages 20–24 1.17 1.02 0.14 12.0 Unmet need for family planning 7.9 7.8 0.1 1.4 Unmet need for limiting 3.7 3.6 0.2 5.1 Unmet need for spacing 4.1 4.2 (0.1) (1.4) ↵a Survey years varied by country, ranging from 1990 in the initial surveys to 2013 in the latest surveys.
Note: Data in the last 2 columns were calculated with more decimals than shown and can reflect rounding.
- APPENDIX 1 Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR), CPR Changes, Quintile Gaps, and Changes in Quintile Gaps Between Initial and Latest Survey, 46 Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Lowest Quintile Highest Quintile Country, Survey Year CPR CPR Rise CPR CPR Rise Quintile Gap Gap Change sub-Saharan Africa Benin 2006 7.7 −1.5 33.6 7.4 25.9 −8.9 Benin 1996 9.2 26.2 17.0 Burkina Faso 2010 7.4 −0.6 37.4 12.7 30.0 −23.6 Burkina Faso 1998–99 8.0 24.7 16.7 Cameroon 2011 2.9 −1.9 41.2 5.2 38.3 −7.1 Cameroon 1991 4.8 36.0 31.2 Chad 2004 0.0 −3.5 10.3 0.2 10.3 −3.7 Chad 1996–97 3.5 10.1 6.6 Côte d'Ivoire 2011–12 11.7 8.0 28.0 −0.2 16.3 8.2 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 3.7 28.2 24.5 Eritrea 2002 1.7 −0.8 20.4 −5.1 18.7 4.3 Eritrea 1995 2.5 25.5 23.0 Ethiopia 2011 13.3 9.8 51.8 23.5 38.5 −13.7 Ethiopia 2000 3.5 28.3 24.8 Gabon 2012 21.3 2.5 36.2 −5.7 14.9 8.2 Gabon 2000 18.8 41.9 23.1 Ghana 2008 14.2 2.4 31.4 −2.8 17.2 5.2 Ghana 1993 11.8 34.2 22.4 Guinea 2005 5.3 3.6 17.1 2.0 11.8 1.6 Guinea 1999 1.7 15.1 13.4 Kenya 2008–09 20.1 5.4 54.7 3.0 34.6 2.4 Kenya 1993 14.7 51.7 37.0 Lesotho 2009 30.1 12.5 61.7 7.2 31.6 5.3 Lesotho 2004 17.6 54.5 36.9 Madagascar 2008–09 19.9 14.1 57.3 11.6 37.4 2.5 Madagascar 1997 5.8 45.7 39.9 Malawi 2010 38.7 29.3 53.0 27.7 14.3 1.6 Malawi 1992 9.4 25.3 15.9 Mali 2006 3.7 2.4 19.1 −1.4 15.4 3.8 Mali 1995–96 1.3 20.5 19.2 Mozambique 2011 2.9 1.6 30.3 12.2 27.4 −10.6 Mozambique 1997 1.3 18.1 16.8 Namibia 2006–07 31.9 22.4 71.1 13.0 39.2 9.4 Namibia 1992 9.5 58.1 48.6 Niger 2006 10.9 7.3 20.9 −1.6 10.0 8.9 Niger 1998 3.6 22.5 18.9 Nigeria 2008 3.2 2.3 35.0 15.2 31.8 −12.9 Nigeria 1990 0.9 19.8 18.9 Rwanda 2010 43.1 23.6 57.1 28.8 14.0 −5.2 Rwanda 1992 19.5 28.3 8.8 Senegal 2010–11 4.8 −1.8 24.5 −2.7 19.7 0.9 Senegal 1997 6.6 27.2 20.6 Tanzania 2010 22.9 12.8 50.6 14.2 27.7 −1.4 Tanzania 1996 10.1 36.4 26.3 Uganda 2011 14.7 4.5 46.2 13.7 31.5 −9.2 Uganda 1995 10.2 32.5 22.3 Zambia 2007 40.5 20.5 54.2 13.7 13.7 6.8 Zambia 1996 20.0 40.5 20.5 Zimbabwe 2010–11 54.3 14.2 64.6 5.0 10.3 9.2 Zimbabwe 1994 40.1 59.6 19.5 MEAN CHANGES 7.6 7.9 −0.3 North Africa/West Asia Armenia 2010 53.2 −8.4 62.4 3.2 9.2 −11.6 Armenia 2000 61.6 59.2 −2.4 Egypt 2008 55.4 25.0 65.4 4.3 10.0 20.7 Egypt 1995 30.4 61.1 30.7 Jordan 2009 53.5 29.1 65.3 10.9 11.8 18.2 Jordan 1990 24.4 54.4 30.0 Morocco 2003–04 58.3 38.6 69.9 9.8 11.6 28.8 Morocco 1992 19.7 60.1 40.4 MEAN CHANGES 21.1 7.1 14.0 Central Asia Kazakhstan 1999 63.7 10.9 68.2 2.6 4.5 8.3 Kazakhstan 1995 52.8 65.6 12.8 South & Southeast Asia Bangladesh 2011 61.5 21.1 60.8 7.1 −0.7 14.0 Bangladesh 1993–94 40.4 53.7 13.3 Cambodia 2010 45.2 30.8 56.0 18.5 10.8 12.3 Cambodia 2000 14.4 37.5 23.1 India 2005–06 42.2 14.1 67.5 9.7 25.3 4.4 India 1992–93 28.1 57.8 29.7 Indonesia 2012 56.2 7.9 61.3 −0.7 5.1 8.6 Indonesia 1997 48.3 62.0 13.7 Nepal 2011 40.4 22.7 59.6 10.5 19.2 12.2 Nepal 1996 17.7 49.1 31.4 Pakistan 2012–13 20.8 19.2 45.8 14.0 25.0 5.2 Pakistan 1990–91 1.6 31.8 30.2 Philippines 2008 40.8 12.3 50.0 4.1 9.2 8.2 Philippines 1993 28.5 45.9 17.4 Viet Nam 2002 74.3 10.2 77.5 −3.5 3.2 13.7 Viet Nam 1997 64.1 81.0 16.9 MEAN CHANGES 17.3 7.5 9.8 Latin America & Caribbean Bolivia 2008 46.2 23.6 70.8 2.5 24.6 21.1 Bolivia 1994 22.6 68.3 45.7 Colombia 2010 75.5 29.0 80.0 2.6 4.5 26.4 Colombia 1990 46.5 77.4 30.9 Dominican Rep. 2007 67.5 12.7 73.1 4.5 5.6 8.2 Dominican Rep. 1996 54.8 68.6 13.8 Guatemala 1998–99 8.4 1.8 72.9 6.2 64.5 −4.4 Guatemala 1995 6.6 66.7 60.1 Haiti 2012 31.7 24.1 33.0 1.8 1.3 22.3 Haiti 1994–95 7.6 31.2 23.6 Honduras 2011–12 67.3 14.0 76.1 2.8 8.8 11.2 Honduras 2005–06 53.3 73.3 20.0 Nicaragua 2001 52.5 10.3 74.5 5.3 22.0 5.0 Nicaragua 1998 42.2 69.2 27.0 Peru 2012 72.9 37.4 73.9 1.9 1.0 35.5 Peru 1991–92 35.5 72.0 36.5 MEAN CHANGES 19.1 3.5 15.7 OVERALL MEAN CHANGES 12.5 6.8 5.4 - APPENDIX 2 Modern Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (mCPR), mCPR Changes, Quintile Gaps, and Changes in Quintile Gaps Between Initial and Latest Survey, 46 Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Lowest Quintile Highest Quintile Country, Survey Year mCPR mCPR Rise mCPR mCPR Rise Gap Gap Change sub-Saharan Africa Benin 2006 2.4 1.1 13.2 4.2 10.8 −3.1 Benin 1996 1.3 9.0 7.7 Burkina Faso 2010 7.1 6.3 33.6 17.2 26.5 −10.9 Burkina Faso 1998–99 0.8 16.4 15.6 Cameroon 2011 2.4 1.7 25.7 13.2 23.3 −11.5 Cameroon 1991 0.7 12.5 11.8 Chad 2004 0.0 −0.1 7.3 2.5 7.3 −2.6 Chad 1996–97 0.1 4.8 4.7 Côte d'Ivoire 2011–12 7.4 6.3 19.6 7.1 12.2 −0.8 Côte d'Ivoire 1994 1.1 12.5 11.4 Eritrea 2002 1.4 1.1 17.9 −1.0 16.5 2.1 Eritrea 1995 0.3 18.9 18.6 Ethiopia 2011 13.0 10.3 48.2 25.3 35.2 −15.0 Ethiopia 2000 2.7 22.9 20.2 Gabon 2012 11.9 6.3 21.9 3.7 10.0 2.6 Gabon 2000 5.6 18.2 12.6 Ghana 2008 11.6 6.2 20.6 1.5 9.0 4.7 Ghana 1993 5.4 19.1 13.7 Guinea 2005 2.7 1.7 12.7 3.5 10.0 −1.8 Guinea 1999 1.0 9.2 8.2 Kenya 2008–09 16.9 6.6 47.9 2.8 31.0 3.8 Kenya 1993 10.3 45.1 34.8 Lesotho 2009 28.6 13.2 60.9 7.7 32.3 5.5 Lesotho 2004 15.4 53.2 37.8 Madagascar 2008–09 17.6 15.3 36.4 12.6 18.8 2.7 Madagascar 1997 2.3 23.8 21.5 Malawi 2010 34.9 31.0 48.4 31.2 13.5 −0.2 Malawi 1992 3.9 17.2 13.3 Mali 2006 2.8 2.3 16.4 1.1 13.6 1.2 Mali 1995–96 0.5 15.3 14.8 Mozambique 2011 2.9 2.0 29.5 12.6 26.6 −10.6 Mozambique 1997 0.9 16.9 16.0 Namibia 2006–07 29.6 24.2 68.4 11.5 38.8 12.7 Namibia 1992 5.4 56.9 51.5 Niger 2006 2.3 1.5 15.8 −2.3 13.5 3.8 Niger 1998 0.8 18.1 17.3 Nigeria 2008 2.5 2.0 22.3 10.1 19.8 −8.1 Nigeria 1990 0.5 12.2 11.7 Rwanda 2010 38.5 26.7 49.6 31.5 11.1 −4.8 Rwanda 1992 11.8 18.1 6.3 Senegal 2010–11 4.4 3.4 22.9 −0.7 18.5 4.1 Senegal 1997 1.0 23.6 22.6 Tanzania 2010 19.2 14.3 37.7 8.8 18.5 5.5 Tanzania 1996 4.9 28.9 24.0 Uganda 2011 12.7 10.6 39.1 13.3 26.4 −2.7 Uganda 1995 2.1 25.8 23.7 Zambia 2007 30.6 25.2 48.3 17.0 17.7 8.2 Zambia 1996 5.4 31.3 25.9 Zimbabwe 2010–11 52.4 21.2 63.6 7.8 11.2 13.4 Zimbabwe 1994 31.2 55.8 24.6 MEAN CHANGES 9.6 9.7 −0.1 North Africa/West Asia Armenia 2010 21.4 5.9 37.7 8.5 16.3 −2.6 Armenia 2000 15.5 29.2 13.7 Egypt 2008 51.9 23.7 62.3 4.9 10.4 18.8 Egypt 1995 28.2 57.4 29.2 Jordan 2009 36.6 21.5 49.2 11.3 12.6 10.2 Jordan 1990 15.1 37.9 22.8 Morocco 2003–04 51.4 33.5 56.8 8.5 5.4 25.0 Morocco 1992 17.9 48.3 30.4 MEAN CHANGES 21.2 8.3 12.9 Central Asia Kazakhstan 1999 48.9 5.1 55.1 5.5 6.2 −0.4 Kazakhstan 1995 43.8 49.6 5.8 South & Southeast Asia Bangladesh 2011 52.9 18.4 51.1 8.4 −1.8 10.0 Bangladesh 1993–94 34.5 42.7 8.2 Cambodia 2010 35.2 22.7 31.4 6.0 −3.8 16.7 Cambodia 2000 12.5 25.4 12.9 India 2005–06 34.6 9.7 58.0 7.4 23.4 2.3 India 1992–93 24.9 50.6 25.7 Indonesia 2012 53.0 6.8 55.4 −1.5 2.4 8.3 Indonesia 1997 46.2 56.9 10.7 Nepal 2011 35.6 19.9 48.9 4.0 13.3 15.9 Nepal 1996 15.7 44.9 29.2 Pakistan 2012–13 18.1 16.9 31.6 8.4 13.5 8.5 Pakistan 1990–91 1.2 23.2 22.0 Philippines 2008 25.9 10.2 33.1 1.7 7.2 8.5 Philippines 1993 15.7 31.4 15.7 Viet Nam 2002 57.9 10.9 51.6 −3.9 −6.3 14.8 Viet Nam 1997 47.0 55.5 8.5 MEAN CHANGES 14.4 3.8 10.6 Latin America & Caribbean Bolivia 2008 22.6 21.0 46.5 5.0 23.9 16.0 Bolivia 1994 1.6 41.5 39.9 Colombia 2010 68.5 30.8 74.9 9.8 6.4 21.0 Colombia 1990 37.7 65.1 27.4 Dominican Rep. 2007 66.5 15.3 69.3 5.6 2.8 9.7 Dominican Rep. 1996 51.2 63.7 12.5 Guatemala 1998–99 5.4 0.0 59.7 2.6 54.3 −2.6 Guatemala 1995 5.4 57.1 51.7 Haiti 2012 29.7 24.8 27.5 6.6 −2.2 18.2 Haiti 1994–95 4.9 20.9 16.0 Honduras 2011–12 55.1 14.0 67.4 2.8 12.3 11.2 Honduras 2005–06 41.1 64.6 23.5 Nicaragua 2001 50.2 10.0 71.0 6.8 20.8 3.2 Nicaragua 1998 40.2 64.2 24.0 Peru 2012 40.5 30.0 58.1 9.8 17.6 20.2 Peru 1991–92 10.5 48.3 37.8 MEAN CHANGES 18.2 6.1 12.1 OVERALL MEAN CHANGES 12.9 7.8 5.0 Quintile Country, Survey Year 1 2 3 4 5 Indonesia, 2012 Total Urban 6.4 13.6 21.0 26.4 32.7 100 Rural 33.5 26.4 19.0 13.7 7.4 100 Urban 16.0 34.0 52.5 65.8 81.5 Rural 84.0 66.0 47.5 34.2 18.5 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Egypt, 2014 Total Urban 3.1 2.8 4.6 35.8 53.7 100 Rural 30.0 30.2 29.2 10.6 0.0 100 Urban 5.6 5.1 8.3 66.1 100.0 Rural 94.4 94.9 91.7 33.9 0.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Malawi, 2010 Total Urban 2.9 3.4 7.5 19.9 66.3 100 Rural 23.3 23.1 22.3 20.0 11.3 100 Urban 2.3 2.7 5.9 15.7 52.4 Rural 97.7 97.3 94.1 84.3 47.6 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: The first “Urban” and “Rural” rows under each country represent the percentage of the urban and rural population, respectively, falling under each wealth quintile. The second set of “Urban” and “Rural” rows under each country represent the percentage of respondents from each wealth quintile who live in urban or rural areas, respectively.
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