Strategic contracting practices to improve procurement of health commodities

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Figure 1.
Overview of the U.S. Department of Veterans' Affairs and Department of Defense Procurement Systems for Essential Medicines

Yellow arrows represent contracting or pricing arrangements, red arrows represent orders, and black arrows represent flow of supplies.
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Figure 2.
Framework Contracts Can Significantly Reduce the Number of Steps Involved in the Procurement Process

TABLE. Summary of the Review of Public Procurement Legislation and Official Documents for Provision to Use Framework Agreements (FAs)

Country	Procurement Authority	Legislation Governing Procurement	Legislative Provision for FA	Other Official Documents on FA	Terminology
Ghana	Public Procurement Board	Public Procurement Act of 2003	No mention	Manual – Public Procurement Act of 2003	Framework (call-off) contract
Kenya	Public Procurement Oversight Authority	Public Procurement and Disposal Act of 2005	No mention	Public Procurement Manual for Health Sector 2009; The Public Procurement Guidelines for Framework Contracting 2010	Framework contract
Mozambique	Unit for the Supervision of Acquisitions	Decree No. 15/2010: Rules and Procedures on Procurement of Public Works, Supply of Goods and Services	No mention	—	—
Rwanda	Public Procurement Authority	Law n° 12/2007 of 27/03/2007 on Public Procurement	No mention	Intermediate Level Training Module in Public Procurement	Framework agreement (Indefinite Quantity Contract)
Tanzania	Public Procurement Regulatory Authority	Public Procurement Act of 2011	Yes	—	Framework agreement
Uganda	Public Procurement and Disposal of Assets Authority	Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Act of 2003	Yes	The Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Guidelines on Use of Framework Contracts 2011	Framework contract
Zambia	Public Procurement Authority	Public Procurement Act of 2008	Yes	—	Rate or running contract