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PROGRAM CASE STUDY
Open Access

A Successful National and Multipartner Approach to Increase Immunization Coverage: The Democratic Republic of Congo Mashako Plan 2018–2020

Paul Lame, Augustin Milabyo, Sylvia Tangney, Gloire O. Mbaka, Christophe Luhata, Jean-Bernard Le Gargasson, Christelle Mputu, Nicole A. Hoff, Sydney Merritt, Dalau M. Nkamba, Djariatou Sow Sall, John Samuel Otomba, Amine El Mourid, Paul Lusamba, Kamel Senouci, Emmanuel Bor, Anne W. Rimoin, Didine Kaba, Guillaume Mwamba and Elisabeth Mukamba
Global Health: Science and Practice April 2023, 11(2):e2200326; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-22-00326
Paul Lame
aExpanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Augustin Milabyo
aExpanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Sylvia Tangney
bDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Gloire O. Mbaka
cUCLA-DRC Health Research and Training Program, University of California Los Angeles, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Christophe Luhata
aExpanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Jean-Bernard Le Gargasson
dGavi, the Vaccine Alliance, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Christelle Mputu
eAcasus, Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong.
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Nicole A. Hoff
bDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Sydney Merritt
bDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Dalau M. Nkamba
fKinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Djariatou Sow Sall
gUNICEF Headquarters, New York, NY, USA.
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John Samuel Otomba
hWorld Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Amine El Mourid
iBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, London, United Kingdom.
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Paul Lusamba
aExpanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Kamel Senouci
iBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, London, United Kingdom.
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Emmanuel Bor
dGavi, the Vaccine Alliance, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Anne W. Rimoin
bDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Didine Kaba
fKinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Guillaume Mwamba
jVillageReach DRC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Elisabeth Mukamba
aExpanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Figures & Tables

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  • FIGURE 1
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    FIGURE 1

    2018 Diagnostic Review Findings Related to the Underperformance of the Routine Immunization System in the DRC

    Abbreviations: DRC, Democratic Republic of the Congo; RI, routine immunization.

  • FIGURE 2
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    FIGURE 2

    Mashako Plan Implementation Timeline

    Abbreviations: DRC, Democratic Republic of the Congo; EPI, Expanded Programme on Immunization; Gavi, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance.

  • FIGURE 3
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    FIGURE 3

    Mashako Plan Provinces

  • FIGURE 4
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    FIGURE 4

    Sample Health Zone Scorecard Based on EPI Mobile Supervision Data Collected Monthly

    Abbreviation: EPI, Expanded Programme on Immunization.

  • FIGURE 5
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    FIGURE 5

    Number of Health Facilities Supervised in Initial Mashako Plan Provinces

    Abbreviation: EPI, Expanded Programme on Immunization.

    aGestion PEV data was collected through the real-time EPI mobile supervisory system developed by Acasus.

  • FIGURE 6
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    FIGURE 6

    Annual Pentavalent Deliveries in Million Dosesa From the National Warehouse to All Provinces, Nationally

    Abbreviation: DTP3, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis.

    a Pentavalent vaccine dose estimates from the National Stock Management Tool data.

Tables

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    TABLE 1.

    Routine Immunization Schedule in the Democratic Republic of the Congo12

    VaccineDescriptionSchedule
    BCGBacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccineBirth
    Penta3Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and hepatitis B vaccine6, 10, 14 weeks
    OPVOral polio vaccine6, 10, 14 weeks
    PneumoPneumococcal conjugate vaccine6, 10, 14 weeks
    IPVInactivated polio vaccine14 weeks
    MeaslesMeasles vaccine9 months
    YFYellow fever vaccine9 months
    RotaRotavirus vaccine6, 10, 14 weeks
    • View popup
    TABLE 2.

    DTP3/Penta3 Coverage in Initial Mashako Plan Provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo9,10,25–27

    Province (Former Province Name)Coverage Survey Conducted
    DHS 2013–2014,a %MICS 2017–2018, %Baseline VCS 2018–2019, %VCS 2020, %VCS 2021–2022, %
    Mongala (Equateur)42.616.7N/Ab37.135.9
    Tshuapa (Equateur)42.626.5N/Ab42.916.1
    Haut Katanga (Katanga)51.360.7N/Ab67.761.3
    Tanganyika (Katanga)51.325.260.863.232.0
    Haut Lomami (Katanga)51.350.450.477.994.5
    Ituri (Orientale)46.050.3N/A67.762.5
    Kinshasa83.759.87085.288.9
    Kwilu (Bandundu)61.925.16686.073.6
    Kasaï (Kasai-Occidental)56.223.251.565.645.3
    5 Mashako Plan provinces with baseline VCSc65.341.061.578.172.6
    All Mashako Plan provinces58.442.7N/Ad71.164.7
    • Abbreviations: DHS, Demographic and Health Survey; DTP3, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis; MICS, Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey; N/A, not available; Penta3, pentavalent3; VCS, vaccination coverage survey.

    • ↵a DHS 2013–2014 was conducted before the division of new provinces in 2015.

    • ↵b Baseline survey not conducted.

    • ↵c Does not include estimates from Ituri, Haut Katanga, Mongala, or Tshuapa.

    • ↵d Missing baseline VCS 2018–2019 data from Ituri, Haut Katanga, Mongala, or Tshuapa.

    • View popup
    TABLE 3.

    Full Immunization Coverage in Initial Mashako Plan Provinces, Democratic Republic of the Congo9,10,25–27

    Province (Former Province Name)Coverage Survey Conducted
    DHS 2013–2014aMICS 2017–2018, %Baseline VCS 2018–2019, %VCS 2020, %VCS 2021–2022, %
    Mongala (Equateur)N/A8.2N/Ab26.121.1
    Tshuapa (Equateur)N/A15.4N/Ab35.111.1
    Haut Katanga (Katanga)N/A45.5N/Ab48.944.0
    Tanganyika (Katanga)N/A21.251.746.313.9
    Haut Lomami (Katanga)N/A35.739.069.488.9
    Ituri (Orientale)N/A40.0N/Ab47.939.7
    KinshasaN/A41.961.272.874.8
    Kwilu (Bandundu)N/A14.350.766.256.5
    Kasaï (Kasai-Occidental)N/A13.938.253.530.3
    5 Mashako Plan provinces with baseline VCScN/A28.150.264.558.7
    All Mashako Plan provincesN/A30.3N/Ad56.449.0
    • Abbreviations: DHS, Demographic and Health Survey; MICS, Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey; N/A, not available; VCS, vaccination coverage survey.

    • ↵a DHS 2013–2014 conducted before division of new provinces in 2015, data removed because full immunization values included only 5 antigens until 2017 when this was increased to 7 antigens.

    • ↵b Baseline survey not conducted.

    • ↵c Does not include estimates from Ituri, Haut Katanga, Mongala, or Tshuapa.

    • ↵d Missing baseline VCS 2018–2019 from Ituri, Haut Katanga, Mongala, or Tshuapa.

    • View popup
    TABLE 4.

    Changes in Selected Indicators During Mashako Plan Implementation, Democratic Republic of the Congoa

    IndicatorJanuary 2019, %

    March 2020, %

    Difference, Percentage Points
    Health areas supervised3080+50
    Health areas that organize weekly vaccination sessions5062+12
    Cold chain with good functionality7394+21
    Vaccine availability1973+54
    • ↵a Source: Gestion PEV app.

    • View popup
    TABLE 5.

    Changes in Reported Monthly Immunization Sessionsa in Health Areas During Mashako Plan Implementation, Democratic Republic of the Congo

    Health Area Vaccination Sessions Per MonthJune 2018March 2020
    No. (%) (N=2,881)No. (%) (N=2,844)
    <4951 (33)341 (12)
    4–81,642 (57)1,422 (50)
    >82,88 (10)1,081 (38)
    • ↵a Reported immunization sessions are a component of service delivery with reported administrative data obtained from the DHIS2 in both June 2018 and March 2020.

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Global Health: Science and Practice: 11 (2)
Global Health: Science and Practice
Vol. 11, No. 2
April 28, 2023
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A Successful National and Multipartner Approach to Increase Immunization Coverage: The Democratic Republic of Congo Mashako Plan 2018–2020
Paul Lame, Augustin Milabyo, Sylvia Tangney, Gloire O. Mbaka, Christophe Luhata, Jean-Bernard Le Gargasson, Christelle Mputu, Nicole A. Hoff, Sydney Merritt, Dalau M. Nkamba, Djariatou Sow Sall, John Samuel Otomba, Amine El Mourid, Paul Lusamba, Kamel Senouci, Emmanuel Bor, Anne W. Rimoin, Didine Kaba, Guillaume Mwamba, Elisabeth Mukamba
Global Health: Science and Practice Apr 2023, 11 (2) e2200326; DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-22-00326

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A Successful National and Multipartner Approach to Increase Immunization Coverage: The Democratic Republic of Congo Mashako Plan 2018–2020
Paul Lame, Augustin Milabyo, Sylvia Tangney, Gloire O. Mbaka, Christophe Luhata, Jean-Bernard Le Gargasson, Christelle Mputu, Nicole A. Hoff, Sydney Merritt, Dalau M. Nkamba, Djariatou Sow Sall, John Samuel Otomba, Amine El Mourid, Paul Lusamba, Kamel Senouci, Emmanuel Bor, Anne W. Rimoin, Didine Kaba, Guillaume Mwamba, Elisabeth Mukamba
Global Health: Science and Practice Apr 2023, 11 (2) e2200326; DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-22-00326
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    • ABSTRACT
    • BACKGROUND
    • MASHAKO PLAN DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
    • MASHAKO PLAN GOALS AND IMPLEMENTATION
    • EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF THE MASHAKO PLAN
    • DISCUSSION
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