Key Factors Influencing Use of Immunization Cost Evidence in Country Planning and Budgeting Processes: Experiences From Indonesia, Tanzania, and Vietnam

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Evidence to Policy and Practice Facilitated Process

TABLE.

Country Research Questions and Use of Cost Evidence

Country	Research Question	Primary Uses of Cost Evidence
Indonesia²¹	Using a combination of delivery strategies (health post, health center, and school), what are the district/city level costs incurred for immunization delivery that contribute to achievement of high coverage?	Allocation of the operational budget for the immunization program at central, district, and city levels in the 2 years after the study.
		Budget preparation and planning of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination program.
		Potential future use includes advocacy with the national parliament, and development of the comprehensive multiyear plan.
Tanzania²⁰	What is the average delivery cost to immunize children up to 18 months in rural and urban areas at current coverage levels and using the current mix of delivery strategies (fixed facility, outreach, and mobile)?	Development of the costing section of the national immunization strategy. Subsequent use in national and subnational planning cycles.
Vietnam²²	What is the program cost of transitioning from tetanus toxoid vaccination of women of childbearing age to tetanus-diphtheria vaccination of children aged 7 years?	Support to the national immunization program in developing guidelines for the implementation of and budgeting for tetanus-diphtheria vaccination, including delivery strategy options.
		Guidance to provinces in preparation of their vaccination plans and budgets.
		Preparation of the immunization program’s plan for 2021–2025.