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Methodology
Open Access

Operations research to add postpartum family planning to maternal and neonatal health to improve birth spacing in Sylhet District, Bangladesh

Salahuddin Ahmed, Maureen Norton, Emma Williams, Saifuddin Ahmed, Rasheduzzaman Shah, Nazma Begum, Jaime Mungia, Amnesty Lefevre, Ahmed Al-Kabir, Peter J Winch, Catharine McKaig and Abdullah H Baqui
Global Health: Science and Practice August 2013, 1(2):262-276; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00002
Salahuddin Ahmed
aJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
bJhpiego, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Maureen Norton
cU.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
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Emma Williams
aJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Saifuddin Ahmed
aJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Rasheduzzaman Shah
aJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Nazma Begum
aJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Jaime Mungia
bJhpiego, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Amnesty Lefevre
aJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ahmed Al-Kabir
dResearch, Training and Management (RTM) International, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Peter J Winch
aJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Catharine McKaig
bJhpiego, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abdullah H Baqui
aJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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  • For correspondence: abaqui{at}jhsph.edu
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Figures & Tables

Figures

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  • Figure1
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    The Healthy Fertility Study used successful LAM users, designated as “LAM Ambassadors,” to promote LAM to other pregnant and postpartum women in their communities.

  • Figure
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    Figure

    Timeline: Implementation of Healthy Fertility Study

    Abbreviations: HFS, Healthy Fertility Study; PP, postpartum.

  • Figure3
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    During the Healthy Fertility Study, community mobilizers met with religious leaders during advocacy meetings.

  • Figure4
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    Community health workers provided doorstep delivery of oral contraceptive pills and other modern methods to women in their communities.

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    Table 1. Postpartum Family Planning Communication Messages, by Timing of CHW Visits
    CHW Visits Within Existing MNH VisitsNew CHW Visits
    Communication MessagesDuring PregnancyOn Day 6 PostpartumBetween Days 29–35 PostpartumBetween Months 2–3 PostpartumBetween Months 4–5 Postpartum
    Benefits of longer birth intervals, risks of shorter birth intervals✓✓✓✓✓
    Essential newborn care, including exclusive breastfeeding✓✓✓
    LAM, promotion of 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding✓✓✓✓✓
    Timing of return to fertility, signs indicating return to fertility✓✓✓
    Transition from LAM to another modern contraceptive method✓✓✓
    Discussion of contraceptive methods, potential side effects, strategies to minimize side effects✓✓✓
    Referral to health facility for contraceptive methods, if needed✓✓✓
    • Abbreviations: CHW, community health worker; LAM, Lactational Amenorrhea Method; MNH, maternal and neonatal health.

    • View popup
    Table 2. Baseline Characteristics of Enrolled Study Participants (N = 4,570)
    Study Group
    CharacteristicIntervention
    (n = 2,280)
    Comparison
    (n = 2,290)
    P value
    Age, mean (95% CI), y26.5 (25.4–27.6)26.6 (26.0–27.3).86
    Years of schooling, mean (95% CI)
     Women4.5 (4.1–4.8)4.1 (3.6–4.5).11
     Husbands4.0 (3.4–4.6)4.0 (3.2–4.7).88
    Religion
     Muslim94.5%91.4%.40
     Hindu/other5.5%8.6%
    Parity, mean (95% CI)2.2 (2.0–2.3)2.2 (1.9–2.3).74
    Economic Status, %
     Poorest18.622.6.10
     Poor16.822.8
     Middle19.520.2
     Rich22.617.2
     Richest22.517.3
    Ever used contraception, %18.021.1.51
    Fertility desires, %
     Wants more children59.755.7.36
     Wants no more26.032.4
     Undecided/up to God14.311.9
    • Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval.

    • P values are adjusted for clustering effects. P values ≤ .05 were considered statistically significant.

    • View popup
    Table 3. Coverage Rates of Community Health Worker (CHW) Visits
    Study Group
    Timing of CHW VisitIntervention
    (n = 2,183)
    Comparison
    (n = 2,216)
    P value
    During pregnancy99.4%99.6%.42
    Within 3 months postpartum95.6%93.0%.21
    Within first week postpartum89.8%96.4%.007
    Mean number of visits4.23.5.001
    • P values ≤ .05 were considered statistically significant.

    • During pregnancy, denominator is all women with complete information.

    • During the postpartum period, denominator is all women with a surviving infant at 3 months postpartum.

Additional Files

  • Figures
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  • GHSP-D-13-00002 Supplementary Material

    The Healthy Fertility Study in Bangladesh used 4 communication materials to educate women, their families, and communities about postpartum family planning, birth spacing, and the Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM). Readers are free to use or adapt these materials in their own programs.

    Files in this Data Supplement:

    • Postpartum care leaflet - Ahmed, et al. doi: 10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00002 A pictorial description of postpartum services and potential postpartum complications, and the importance of visiting a health center at the sign of any complication. The leaflet also emphasizes visiting a health center for a postpartum physical check-up, for immunization of the baby, and to choose a contraceptive method.
    • Exclusive breastfeeding and birth spacing leaflet - Ahmed, et al. doi: 10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00002 Describes exclusive breastfeeding, the benefits of birth-to-pregnancy spacing of at least 24 months, the citation from the Quran about breastfeeding, and visiting a health facility for consultations.
    • LAM leaflet - Ahmed, et al. doi: 10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00002 A pictorial listing of LAM criteria and when to transition, and the importance of timely transition, to another modern method when LAM is no longer effective.
    • Return to fertility leaflet - Ahmed, et al. doi: 10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00002 Describes the story of a woman named Asma; the story discusses the short time period before fertility returns after delivery, and variations in return to fertility from woman to woman, including messages describing the risk of becoming pregnant prior to the return of menses and as soon as 1 month postpartum if the baby is not breastfed, as well as the benefits of birth-to-pregnancy spacing of at least 24 months. The story was received well by women in the study, many of whom could relate to it.
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Global Health: Science and Practice: 1 (2)
Global Health: Science and Practice
Vol. 1, No. 2
August 01, 2013
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Operations research to add postpartum family planning to maternal and neonatal health to improve birth spacing in Sylhet District, Bangladesh
Salahuddin Ahmed, Maureen Norton, Emma Williams, Saifuddin Ahmed, Rasheduzzaman Shah, Nazma Begum, Jaime Mungia, Amnesty Lefevre, Ahmed Al-Kabir, Peter J Winch, Catharine McKaig, Abdullah H Baqui
Global Health: Science and Practice Aug 2013, 1 (2) 262-276; DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00002

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Operations research to add postpartum family planning to maternal and neonatal health to improve birth spacing in Sylhet District, Bangladesh
Salahuddin Ahmed, Maureen Norton, Emma Williams, Saifuddin Ahmed, Rasheduzzaman Shah, Nazma Begum, Jaime Mungia, Amnesty Lefevre, Ahmed Al-Kabir, Peter J Winch, Catharine McKaig, Abdullah H Baqui
Global Health: Science and Practice Aug 2013, 1 (2) 262-276; DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00002
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