Figures & Tables
Tables
- Table 1. UN Interagency List of Essential Devices for Reproductive Health Requiring Electricity
Essential Devices First-Level Clinic Referral-Level Facility (Non-Hospital) Doppler ✓ ✓ Scanner, ultrasound ✓ Sterilizer, steam ∼24–40 L ✓ Sterilizer, steam ∼39–100 L ✓ Vacuum extractora ✓ Breast pumpa ✓ Anesthesia/Resuscitation Equipment Free-standing anesthesia system ✓ Newborn incubator ✓ Patient monitor ✓ Nebulizer, atomizer, with electric compressor ✓ Phototherapy unit ✓ Pulse oximeter portable unit ✓ Resuscitation table (newborn) ✓ Resuscitation ventilator (adult/child) ✓ Electric baby warmer ✓ Facility appliances, such as electric lights, communication equipment, water pumps, and refrigeration, are not included in the table.
↵a Manual version sometimes available.
Source: Adapted from the “Interagency List of Essential Medical Devices for Reproductive Health.”5
- Table 2. Electricity Access for Health Care Facilities in Selected sub-Saharan African Countries, by Facility Type
Percentage With: Country, Year (No. of Facilities) No Electricity Generator Only Central, Solar, or Other Supplya Reliable Electricity Ethiopia, 2008 (N = 797)20 All facilities 14 5 81 – Hospital 1 2 96 – Other facilities 15 6 79 – The Gambia, 2004 (N = 12)19 All facilities 0 33 67 25 Hospital 0 20 80 40 Other facilities 0 43 57 14 Ghana, 2002 (N = 428)22 All facilities 31 – – – Hospital 6 – – – Other facilities 34 – – – Kenya, 2010 (N = 695)15 All facilities 26 2 72 15 Hospital 2 2 96 24 Other facilities 28 2 70 14 Namibia, 2009 (N = 411)23 All facilities 4 1 94 49 Hospital 0 0 100 64 Other facilities 5 2 93 47 Nigeria, 2011 (N = 121)21 All facilities 30 – – – Hospital 0 – – – Other facilities 32 – – – Rwanda, 2007 (N = 538)17 All facilities 18 6 76 41 Hospital 2 10 88 52 Other facilities 19 5 75 40 Sierra Leone, 2011 (N = 106)27 All facilities 35 10 54 14 Hospital 0 4 96 23 Other facilities 37 10 53 14 Tanzania, 2006 (N = 611)24 All facilities 50 2 47 19 Hospital 2 6 92 23 Other facilities 52 2 45 19 Uganda, 2007 (N = 491)25 All facilities 58 1 41 15 Hospital 1 5 94 16 Other facilities 60 1 38 15 Zambia, 2005 (N = 430)26 All facilities 20 1 78 46 Hospital 2 7 92 33 Other facilities 21 1 78 47 Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages in the first 3 columns (no electricity, generator only, and central, solar, or other supply) may not total 100.
↵a Includes facilities that reported use of a combination of multiple power sources (for example, central supply and generator).
- Table 3. Energy Access Among Health Care Facilities (Mean), by Facility Type, Selected sub-Saharan African Countriesa
Energy Access Facility Type All Facilities Hospitals Only Other Facilities Besides Hospitals Access to electricity, %
(N = 11 countries)74 99 72 Source of electricity, %
(N = 9 countries)Generator only 7 6 8 Central, solar, or other 68 93 65 Reliable electricity, % of electrified facilities
(N = 8 countries)28 34 26 ↵a Data for access to electricity are averages among 11 countries (Ethiopia, The Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia); for source of electricity, among 9 countries (excludes Ghana and Nigeria); and for reliable electricity, among 8 countries (excludes Ethiopia, Ghana, and Nigeria).
- Table 4. Source of Electricity for Health Care Facilities, by Type of Facility, Sierra Leone, 2012
Facility Type Electricity Source All Facilities Hospitals Only Other Facilities Besides Hospitals Central grid, % 13 58 12 Generator, % 25 95 22 Solar system, % 36 43 36 Other,a % 15 21 15 The total sum of sources for a particular type of facility do not add up to 100% because each facility could report more than one electricity source.
↵a Flashlights were the most typical response for “other” sources of electricity, reflecting a blurring of the lines between actual electricity sources and specific devices, which needs refinement in future surveys.
- Table 5. Trends in Electricity Access in Health Care Facilities, by Facility Type, Kenya and Rwanda
All Facilities Hospitals Only Other Facilities Besides Hospitals Country and Year Percentage Annual Percentage Change Percentage Annual Percentage Change Percentage Annual Percentage Change Kenya 2004 65 1.5 98 0 63 1.5 2010 74 98 72 Rwanda 2001 58 4 92 1 52 5 2007 82 98 81 - Table 6. Reliability of Electricity in Electrified Facilities, by Facility Type and Primary Electricity Source, Liberia, 2011-2012
Facility Type and Primary Electricity Source Electrified Facilities Reporting Reliable Electricity Accessa 2011 2012 n/N (%) n/N (%) Hospital Generator 16/18 (89%) 118/20 (90%) Community/ shared 1/1 (100%) 1/1(100%) Health center Generator 13/14 (93%) 13/20 (65%) Solar 10/14 (71%) 5/6 (83%) Community/shared – 1/1 (100%) Health clinic Generator 59/100 (59%) 61/116 (52%) Solar 99/109 (91%) 119/146 (81%) Community/shared 1/1 (100%) 3/3 (100%) Data are among all public health facilities but not private facilities.
↵a The 2011 survey defined reliability by whether electricity was available “during all required operational hours,” whereas the 2012 survey asked whether electricity was available “on the day of the survey.”
Additional Files
GHSP-D-13-00037 Supplementary Material
This appendix table contains a mapping of the types of survey questions on energy access most commonly posed by health facility surveys, such as the Service Provision Assessment (SPA) and Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA). The table groups the survey questions into 3 electricity access issues: (1) access to electricity, (2) source of electricity, and (3) reliability of electricity. The table highlights the lack of uniformity in how different surveys and countries define energy access.
Files in this Data Supplement:
- Supplementary Material - Adair-Rohani, et al. doi: 10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00037 Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) A methodology for measuring health systems strengthening
