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Original Articles
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Forest cover associated with improved child health and nutrition: evidence from the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey and satellite data

Kiersten B Johnson, Anila Jacob and Molly E Brown
Global Health: Science and Practice August 2013, 1(2):237-248; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00055
Kiersten B Johnson
aICF International, Beltsville, MD, USA
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  • For correspondence: kiersten.johnson@icfi.com
Anila Jacob
bU.S. Agency for International Development, Forestry and Biodiversity Office, Washington, DC, USA
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Molly E Brown
cNASA, Biospheric Sciences Branch, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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    Figure 1.

    Conceptual Framework of Pathways Between Biodiverse Environments and Human Health and Nutrition Outcomes

    We hypothesize that biodiverse environments are better able to produce ecosystem services, such as food and clean water, which, in turn, improve the quantity and quality of food consumption by children and reduce diseases, leading ultimately to better health and nutrition outcomes. Mother's time acts as a mediating factor between biodiversity and child health and nutrition outcomes.

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    Figure 2.

    Logistic Regression Results: Net Loss of Forest Cover Reduces the Odds That a Child Will Consume Vitamin A-Rich Foods and Have a Diverse Diet

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    Figure 3.

    Logistic Regression Results: Greater Forest Cover Increases the Odds That a Child Will Consume Vitamin A-Rich Foods and Decreases the Odds That the Child Will Experience Diarrhea

    * P<.05 (statistically significant).

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    Map of Malawi showing 2010 forest cover overlaid with sampling clusters from the 2010 Malawi DHS.

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    TABLE. Logistic Regression Results: Adjusted Odds Ratios for Child Health and Nutrition Outcomes Associated With Forest Cover, Malawi 2010
    Forest cover-related independent variablesSevere StuntingaDietary DiversitybVitamin A-Rich FoodsbDiarrheab
    Model 1Model 2Model 1Model 2Model 1Model 2Model 1Model 2
    P ValueORP ValueORP ValueORP ValueORP ValueORP ValueORP ValueORP ValueOR
    Deforestation, 2000–2010 (ref: no change).16.14––.002––.003––
    Net loss of forest cover.641.113––.049.813––.003.708––.06.822––
    Net gain of forest cover.0581.647––.56.930––.161.201––.002.658––
    Forest cover (ref: 0–9%).47––.13––.01––<.001
    10–19%––.581.080––.52.961––.131.106––.008.854
    20–29%––.251.283––.081.188––.0061.328––.003.748
    30–39%––.141.665––.341.177––.031.459––<.001.487
    40–49%––.58.700––.75.908––.151.562––.008.358
    50–59%––––––.081.736––.022.046––<.001.079
    • Abbreviations: OR, Odds Ratio.

    • P values ≤ .05 were considered statistically significant.

    • ↵a Controls included child's age, previous birth interval, mother's education, urban residence, household wealth, migration status, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).

    • ↵b Controls included child's age, mother's education, urban residence, household wealth, migration status, and NDVI.

Additional Files

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  • GHSP-D-13-00055 Supplementary Material

    This appendix contains a full technical description of the satellite remote sensing data sets used in the analysis of forest cover and child health and nutrition outcomes. The data sets comprise land vegetation assessments, known as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) composites, and the Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF) collection, which contains proportional estimates for different vegetative cover types.

    Files in this Data Supplement:

    • Supplementary Material - Johnson, et al. doi: 10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00055 Technical Description of the Satellite Remote Sensing Data Used to Analyze the Relationship Between Forest Cover and Child Health and Nutrition Outcomes
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Global Health: Science and Practice: 1 (2)
Global Health: Science and Practice
Vol. 1, No. 2
August 01, 2013
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Forest cover associated with improved child health and nutrition: evidence from the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey and satellite data
Kiersten B Johnson, Anila Jacob, Molly E Brown
Global Health: Science and Practice Aug 2013, 1 (2) 237-248; DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00055

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Forest cover associated with improved child health and nutrition: evidence from the Malawi Demographic and Health Survey and satellite data
Kiersten B Johnson, Anila Jacob, Molly E Brown
Global Health: Science and Practice Aug 2013, 1 (2) 237-248; DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00055
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