Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1.
Conceptual Framework of Pathways Between Biodiverse Environments and Human Health and Nutrition Outcomes
We hypothesize that biodiverse environments are better able to produce ecosystem services, such as food and clean water, which, in turn, improve the quantity and quality of food consumption by children and reduce diseases, leading ultimately to better health and nutrition outcomes. Mother's time acts as a mediating factor between biodiversity and child health and nutrition outcomes.
- Figure 2.
Logistic Regression Results: Net Loss of Forest Cover Reduces the Odds That a Child Will Consume Vitamin A-Rich Foods and Have a Diverse Diet
- Figure 3.
Logistic Regression Results: Greater Forest Cover Increases the Odds That a Child Will Consume Vitamin A-Rich Foods and Decreases the Odds That the Child Will Experience Diarrhea
* P<.05 (statistically significant).
Map of Malawi showing 2010 forest cover overlaid with sampling clusters from the 2010 Malawi DHS.
Tables
- TABLE. Logistic Regression Results: Adjusted Odds Ratios for Child Health and Nutrition Outcomes Associated With Forest Cover, Malawi 2010
Forest cover-related independent variables Severe Stuntinga Dietary Diversityb Vitamin A-Rich Foodsb Diarrheab Model 1 Model 2 Model 1 Model 2 Model 1 Model 2 Model 1 Model 2 P Value OR P Value OR P Value OR P Value OR P Value OR P Value OR P Value OR P Value OR Deforestation, 2000–2010 (ref: no change) .16 .14 – – .002 – – .003 – – Net loss of forest cover .64 1.113 – – .049 .813 – – .003 .708 – – .06 .822 – – Net gain of forest cover .058 1.647 – – .56 .930 – – .16 1.201 – – .002 .658 – – Forest cover (ref: 0–9%) .47 – – .13 – – .01 – – <.001 10–19% – – .58 1.080 – – .52 .961 – – .13 1.106 – – .008 .854 20–29% – – .25 1.283 – – .08 1.188 – – .006 1.328 – – .003 .748 30–39% – – .14 1.665 – – .34 1.177 – – .03 1.459 – – <.001 .487 40–49% – – .58 .700 – – .75 .908 – – .15 1.562 – – .008 .358 50–59% – – – – – – .08 1.736 – – .02 2.046 – – <.001 .079 Abbreviations: OR, Odds Ratio.
P values ≤ .05 were considered statistically significant.
↵a Controls included child's age, previous birth interval, mother's education, urban residence, household wealth, migration status, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).
↵b Controls included child's age, mother's education, urban residence, household wealth, migration status, and NDVI.
GHSP-D-13-00055 Supplementary Material
This appendix contains a full technical description of the satellite remote sensing data sets used in the analysis of forest cover and child health and nutrition outcomes. The data sets comprise land vegetation assessments, known as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) composites, and the Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF) collection, which contains proportional estimates for different vegetative cover types.
Files in this Data Supplement:
- Supplementary Material - Johnson, et al. doi: 10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00055 Technical Description of the Satellite Remote Sensing Data Used to Analyze the Relationship Between Forest Cover and Child Health and Nutrition Outcomes
