Figures & Tables
Figures
- FIGURE 1.
Flow Diagram of Progress of HIV-Infected Study Participants Through the Study
Tables
- Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of HIV-Infected Adults Enrolled in Intervention and Control Sites in Mombasa, Kenya, and of a Propensity Score-Matched Selected Population
Variable Enrolled Population (N = 634) Propensity Score-Matched Population (N = 394)a Intervention (n = 325) Control (n = 309) P Valueb Intervention (n = 204) Control (n = 190) P Valueb Socio-Demographic Characteristics Female, n (%) 250 (76.9) 221 (71.5) 0.12 157 (77.0) 150 (79.0) 0.64 Age, mean years (SD) 35.2 (8.4) 35.6 (8.2) 0.51c 35.1 (8.6) 34.6 (7.9) 0.54c Education, n (%) No schooling 30 (9.2) 30 (9.7) 18 (8.8) 21 (11.1) Primary education 206 (63.4) 190 (61.5) 130 (63.7) 109 (57.4) Secondary or higher education 89 (27.4) 89 (28.8) 0.87 56 (27.4) 60 (31.6) 0.42 Marital status, n (%) Married or cohabiting 98 (30.2) 165 (53.4) 67 (32.8) 96 (50.5) Single 78 (24.0) 47 (15.2) 48 (23.5) 29 (15.4) Separated or divorced 80 (24.6) 51 (16.5) 45 (22.1) 35 (18.4) Widowed 69 (21.2) 46 (14.9) <0.001* 44 (21.6) 30 (15.8) 0.004* Living arrangements, n (%) Stays alone 163 (50.2) 67 (21.7) 94 (46.1) 47 (24.7) Nuclear family 103 (31.7) 193 (62.5) 70 (34.3) 116 (61.1) Extended family/friends 59 (18.2) 49 (15.9) <0.001* 40 (19.6) 27 (14.2) <0.001* Religion, n (%) Catholic 120 (36.9) 35 (11.3) 49 (24.0) 31 (16.3) Protestant 135 (41.5) 109 (35.3) 93 (45.9) 101 (53.2) Muslim 66 (20.3) 164 (53.1) 62 (30.4) 57 (30.0) No religion 4 (1.2) 1 (0.3) <0.001* … 1 (0.5) 0.17 Employment, n (%) Salaried job or self-employed 56 (17.2) 33 (10.7) 29 (14.2) 27 (14.2) Daily wage worker 88 (27.1) 71 (23.0) 61 (29.9) 50 (26.3) Vendor or hawker 55 (17.0) 76 (24.5) 50 (24.5) 51 (26.8) Green grocer 15 (4.6) 10 (3.2) 7 (3.4) 7 (3.7) Unemployed 49 (15.1) 49 (15.9) 36 (17.7) 34 (17.9) Other 34 (10.5) 36 (11.7) <0.001* 21 (10.3) 21 (11.1) 0.98 HIV-Related Characteristics Number HIV tests done, n (%)e 1 165 (50.8) 207 (67.2) 104 (51.0) 126 (66.3) 2-4 139 (42.8) 92 (29.9) 87 (42.7) 58 (30.5) 5 or more 21 (6.5) 9 (2.9) <0.001* 13 (6.4) 6 (3.2) 0.007* Months since HIV-positive diagnosis, n (%)e 0-11 83 (25.9) 102 (34.6) 51 (25.4) 61 (34.1) 12-23 74 (23.1) 69 (23.4) 46 (22.9) 42 (23.5) 24 or more 163 (50.9) 124 (42.0) 0.040* 104 (51.7) 76 (42.5) 0.12 Ever taken antiretroviral drugs (including for PMTCT), n (%) 125 (38.5) 119 (38.5) 0.59 75 (36.8) 66 (34.7) 0.68 Currently attends HIV clinic 4 (1.2) 14 (4.5) 0.012* 3 (1.5) 9 (4.7) 0.06 Disclosed HIV status to main partner, n (%)e Yes 160 (51.3) 203 (70.7) 102 (52.0) 121 (68.8) No, but plans to disclose 67 (21.5) 41 (14.3) 39 (19.9) 29 (16.5) No, does not intend to disclose 46 (14.7) 27 (9.4) 30 (15.3) 17 (9.7) No, cannot say/maybe will disclose 39 (12.5) 16 (5.6) <0.001* 25 (12.8) 9 (5.1) 0.004* Disclosed HIV status to anyone besides health workers, n (%) 245 (75.4) 272 (88.0) <0.001* 157 (77.0) 164 (86.3) 0.02* Sexual Behavior Characteristics Age at first sex, median n (IQR, range) 18 (15–19, 7–42) 18 (15–19, 7–35) 0.91d 18 (9–25, 7–42) 17 (11–26, 7–35) 0.30d Number lifetime partners, median n (IQR, range) 5 (3–9, 1–53) 4 (3–9, 1–57) 0.49d 5 (1–20, 1–30) 4 (1–35, 1–57) 0.28d Ever had same sex partners, n (%) 17 (5.2) 15 (4.9) 0.86 8 (3.9) 10 (5.3) 0.52 Has regular sexual partner(s), n (%) 312 (96.0) 287 (92.7) 0.093 79 (42.9) 44 (24.9) <0.001* Has children, n (%) 281 (86.5) 265 (85.8) 0.80 176 (86.3) 162 (85.3) 0.77 Currently using family planning, n (%) 187 (57.5) 163 (52.8) 0.46 112 (58.0) 96 (53.9) 0.33 Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; PMTCT, prevention of mother-to-child transmission; IQR, interquartile range.
↵* P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
↵a The following variables were used in propensity score matching: age, gender, education, religion, and employment.
↵b Pearson's chi-square test unless otherwise indicated.
↵c t-test.
↵d Mann-Whitney test.
↵e For the enrolled population, sample size of control group for number of HIV tests done is 308; of intervention and control group for months since HIV-positive diagnosis is 320 and 295, respectively; of intervention and control group for disclosed HIV status to main partner is 312 and 287, respectively.
- Table 2. Sexual and Behavioral Outcomes Among HIV-Infected Men and Women Before and 6 Months After a Behavioral Intervention in Mombasa, Kenya (N = 605)
Variable Intervention (n = 315) Control (n = 290) Before n/N (%) After n/N (%) P Valuea Before n/N (%) After n/N (%) P Valuea Number of partners in past 3 months 0 partners 11/297 (3.7) 58/313 (18.5) 9/283 (3.2) 54/286 (18.9) 1 partner 158/297 (53.2) 202/313 (64.5) 201/283 (71.0) 174/286 (60.8) ≥2 partners 128/297 (43.1) 53/313 (16.9) <0.001*b 73/283 (25.8) 58/286 (20.3) 0.06b Unprotected sex at last sexc,d Spouse 68/93 (73.1) 9/79 (11.4) <0.001* 97/144 (67.4) 85/141 (60.3) 0.19 Regular partner 71/115 (61.7) 4/92 (4.4) <0.001* 56/125 (44.8) 54/105 (51.4) 1.00 Casual partner 89/142 (62.7) 11/101 (10.9) <0.001* 15/31 (48.4) 20/33 (60.6) 1.00 Commercial partner 36/53 (67.9) 2/33 (6.1) 0.025* 25/43 (58.1) 13/28 (46.4) 0.025* Unprotected sex in past monthd,e 0 acts 115/307 (37.5) 225/258 (87.2) 115/282 (40.8) 126/238 (52.9) 1-5 acts 87/307 (28.4) 28/258 (10.9) 102/282 (36.1) 69/238 (29.0) ≥6 or more acts 105/307 (34.2) 5/258 (1.9) <0.001*b 65/282 (23.1) 43/238 (18.1) 0.002*b Unsafe sex in past monthd,e 0 HIV-negative or unknown status partner 137/307 (44.6) 240/258 (93.0) 172/282 (61.0) 168/238 (70.6) 1 HIV-negative or unknown status partner 23/307 (7.5) 4/258 (1.6) 26/282 (9.2) 10/238 (4.2) 2-5 HIV-negative or unknown status partners 59/307 (19.2) 10/258 (3.9) 43/282 (15.3) 33/238 (13.9) ≥6 HIV-negative or unknown status partners 88/307 (28.7) 4/258 (1.6) <0.001*b 41/282 (14.5) 27/238 (11.3) 0.003*b Condom use self-efficacy Low self-efficacy (score 15-34) 23/315 (7.3) 2/315 (0.6) 8/290 (2.8) 0/290 (0) Moderate self-efficacy (score 35-54) 169/315 (53.7) 31/315 (9.8) 129/290 (44.5) 147/290 (50.7) High self-efficacy (score 55-75) 123/315 (39.1) 282/315 (89.5) <0.001* 153/290 (52.8) 143/290 (49.3) 0.86 HIV status disclosed to partnerc,d Spouse 65/93 (70.0) 74/79 (93.7) <0.001* 120/144 (83.3) 125/141 (88.7) 0.083 Regular partner(s) 16/115 (13.9) 8/92 (8.7) 0.65 11/125 (8.8) 16/105 (15.2) 0.41 Casual partner(s) 19/142 (13.4) 10/101 (9.9) 1.00 7/31 (22.6) 12/33 (36.4) 1.00 Commercial partner(s) 8/53 (15.1) 7/33 (21.2) 0.16 6/43 (14.0) 7/28 (25.0) 0.56 Currently receiving antiretroviral treatment 1/315 (0.3) 111/315 (35.2) <0.001* 1/290 (0.3) 36/290 (12.4) <0.001* Internalized stigma Low (score 16-40) 78/314 (24.8) 133/314 (42.4) 152/290 (52.4) 172/290 (59.3) Moderate (score 41-52) 232/314 (73.9) 181/314 (57.6) 134/290 (46.2) 113/290 (39.0) High (score 53-64) 4/314 (1.3) 0/31 (0) <0.001* 4/290 (1.4) 5/290 (1.7) 0.09 ↵* P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
↵a McNemar test unless otherwise indicated.
↵b Marginal homogeneity (Stuart-Maxwell) test.
↵c Multiple-response question.
↵d Respondents were asked to report on all sexual partners in the past 3 months with a maximum of 6 partners.
e Only among sexually active participants.
- Table 3. Propensity Score-Matcheda Sexual and Behavioral Outcomes Among HIV-Infected Men and Women After a 6-Month Behavioral Intervention (N = 394)
Variable End of study Intervention n/N (%) Control n/N (%) P Valueb Number of partners in past 3 months 0 partners 36/204 (17.7) 34/190 (17.9) 1 partner 135/204 (66.2) 119/190 (62.6) ≥2 partners 33/204 (16.2) 37/190 (19.5) 0.61c Unprotected sex at last sexd,e Spouse 5/55 (9.1) 55/98 (56.1) <0.001* Regular partner 3/59 (5.1) 33/68 (48.5) <0.001* Casual partner 10/65 (15.4) 15/25 (60.0) <0.001* Commercial partner 2/23 (8.7) 9/19 (47.4) 0.005* Unprotected sex in past monthe,f 0 acts 150/171 (87.7) 87/161 (54.0) 1 acts 5/171 (2.9) 11/161 (6.8) 2-5 acts 11/171 (6.4) 36/161 (22.4) 6 or more acts 5/171 (2.9) 27/161 (16.8) <0.001*c Unsafe sex in past monthe,f 0 HIV-negative or unknown-status partner 158/171 (92.4) 114/161 (70.8) 1 HIV-negative or unknown-status partner 3/171 (1.8) 6/161 (3.7) 2-5 HIV-negative or unknown-status partners 5/171 (3.5) 22/161 (13.7) ≥6 HIV-negative or unknown-status partners 4/171 (2.3) 19/161 (11.8) <0.001*c Condom use self-efficacy Low self-efficacy (score 15-34) 2/204 (1.0) 0/190 (0) Moderate self-efficacy (score 35-54) 21/204 (10.3) 90/190 (47.4) High self-efficacy (score 55-75) 181/204 (88.7) 100/190 (52.6) <0.001*c HIV status disclosed to partnerd,e Spouse 52/55 (94.5) 89/98 (90.8) 0.41 Regular partner(s) 5/59 (8.5) 10/68 (14.7) 0.28 Casual partner(s) 6/65 (9.2) 9/25 (36.0) 0.002* Commercial partner(s) 5/23 (21.7) 6/19 (31.6) 0.47 Currently receiving antiretroviral treatment 70/204 (34.3) 24/189 (12.7) <0.001* Internalized stigma Low (score 16-40) 90/203 (44.3) 107/190 (56.3) Moderate (score 41-52) 113/203 (55.7) 81/190 (42.6) High (score 53-64) 0/203 (0.0) 2/190 (1.1) 0.034*c ↵* P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
↵a The following variables were used in propensity score matching: age, gender, education, religion, and employment.
↵b Pearson’s chi-square test unless otherwise indicated.
↵c Chi-square test for trend.
↵d Multiple-response question.
↵e Respondents were asked to report on all their sexual partners in the past 3 months with a maximum of 6 partners.
f Only among sexually active participants.
In this issue
Statistics from Altmetric.com
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- No citing articles found.